Top 10 Amazing Facts About Saudi Arabia

Continuing our global exploration on the Archivist Express, we’re heading to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a desert country tucked between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. We’ll be serving a light lunch of fatir and tabbouleh as we trek through the Middle Eastern country - so keep an eye out for sandstorms as we explore the history and culture of the fifth-largest state on the Asian Continent in this Top 10 Amazing Facts About Saudi Arabia!

10. Cuisine of Saudi Arabia
One of the best ways to get to the heart of a country is through its cuisine and Saudi Arabian has some rather unique tastes when it comes to local delicacies. More common dishes typically include pita bread, lentils, hummus, and burghul, or cracked wheat, while more exotic tastes may include Hashi, or baby camel. In 2009, Hashi found its place in local Saudi restaurants. Four years later, the tender meat was served to Prince Charles during a visit to the Saudi Royal family and the Crown Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz. A more regionally accepted offering includes Arabic coffee from the Arabian peninsula. Whatever your tastes, just don’t get caught eating or drinking in public during Ramadan.

9. Fame of Saudi Arabia
Notable and recognizable names can be linked back to countries across the globe and Saudi Arabia is no different! While many of the more notable Saudis are more regal, there are a still some recognizable to outside parties. People like actor Mohamed Dione, writer and poet Mutlaq Hamid Al-Otaibi, actress Ashleigh Cummings, musician Alaa Wardi, footballer Omar Abdulrahman, Jorn Wemmer from Germany’s Schwarz-Rot Neustadt football team, and “Saudi’s Seinfeld,” Fahad Albutairi. When it comes to YouTube, be sure to check out the likes of Rotana, MrMrSnB2, zSHOWz, and MjrmGames.

8. The Festival of Al-Jenadriyah
The two-week-long Al-Jenadriyah was first held in 1985 as a symbol of cultural preservation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Sponsored by the Saudi National Guard and held in Jenadriyah annually, the festival is considered one of the largest annual festivals held within the Arabian Peninsula. Each year, Al-Jenadriyah showcases a series of light-hearted events including the opening camel racing, which typically features upwards of 2,000 participants. To locals, the festival is a show of the importance of the local culture and each province is offered the chance to show off its own local art and crafts in a pavilion created to represent its local architecture. Al-Jenadriyah draws in an estimated 1 million people each year, including a presence from foreign governments that host pavilions to show good relations with the Saudi Kingdom.

7. Capital Punishment and the Legal System
In January of 2017, Saudi Arabia saw its first execution after Mamdouh al Anzi was convicted of murdering another Saudi national. Currently, it’s a small number, but as history is known to repeat itself, chances are that figure is going to increase tenfold by the year’s end. In 2016, an estimated 154 convicted criminals were executed in Saudi Arabia, putting it third behind China and Iran for the highest number of executions. Executions performed in Saudi Arabia are typically done via beheading, though firing squad and stoning have been used sparsely in the past. Within Saudi Arabia, crimes are judged under Sharia, or Islamic law which is divided into three categories - Hudud, Qisas, and Tazir. Hudud are crimes described in the Quran, Qisas refers to retaliatory punishments, and Tazir are crimes against the nation.

6. The Jordan/Saudi Arabian Border
Ever looked at a sectional map of the Arabian Peninsula and wondered why Saudi Arabia sort of juts into Jordan? While its borders with Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman are generally smoother, this pointed section of Saudi Arabia was said to be a product of Winston Churchill and his adoration for alcohol. While drawing the Transjordan borders in 1921, legend has it that the then Secretary of State for the Colonies inadvertently drew the unexpected angle, forming what’s called ”Winston’s Hiccup.” While it remains in place today, it has changed slightly since its original creation after a small exchange of territory between Saudi Arabia and Jordan changed the angles slightly. It’s a fun story to tell, but many believe it to be a falsity meant to glorify something that came about through years of territory swapping.

5. The Oil Reserves
In 2015, the United States Energy Information Administration reported that the U.S. produced an estimated 15 million barrels of petroleum a day. Trailing closely behind was Saudi Arabia, with over 12 million barrels produced. By May of the following year, however, The United States dropped production enough to return the top spot to the Saudi Kingdom, which had also increased its output by over 400,000 barrels a day. Saudi Arabia may be home to 1/5th of the world’s known oil reserves and is now the largest producer and exporter of oil, but in 2011, Venezuela surpassed the kingdom for largest reserves when it revealed over 297 billion barrels compared to Saudi’s approximate 267 billion barrels. Despite not having the most reserves, the kingdom’s economy is oil-based, with 87% of its budget revenues, 90% of its export earnings, and 42% of its total GDP made up of oil sales.

4. Football and Saudi Arabia
Like many countries that aren’t the United States, soccer – er, football – is considered a major sport in Saudi Arabia. Since 1957, the country has hosted the on-again-off-again “Custodian of The Two Holy Mosques Cup,” a football knockout competition run by the Saudi Arabian Football Federation. Up until 1990, the competition was consistently held but took a 17-year hiatus before returning in 2007 as the “King Cup of Champions.” By 2014, it was renamed to the “King Cup” and features 153 different clubs, including the 2016 champions and 13-time titleholder, Al-Ahi. While much of Saudi Arabia’s football competition is internal, the Saudi national team took part in four FIFA World Cup and seven AFC Asian Cup competitions. Over the course of September of 2016 to September of 2017, Saudi Arabia has been engaged in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualification.

3. Saudi Arabian World Records
As they say, it’s either “go big or go home”, so when Ahmed Mohamed Saleh Baeshen & Co. sought to create an oversized tea bag in 2014, they decided to go for the largest. In 2014, the company took its known brand, Rabea Tea, and gave it the Guinness World Records treatment by creating a 250-kilogram or roughly 551-pound tea bag capable of making 100,000 cups of tea. Along the same lines, Al Masaa Café was awarded a record in 2014 for its 1,050-seat coffee shop, making it the largest in the world. Throughout time, Saudi Arabia has also been awarded the record for largest bottle of shampoo, highest above-ground mosque, and largest oil field. Proving once again that size does matter, Saudi Arabia started construction on the Jeddah Tower in 2013, a skyscraper that, once completed in 2020, will be the tallest building in the world.

2. The Birthplace of Islam
The Islamic faith may be practiced by over 1.7 billion people from many countries across the globe, but only one can claim being the birthplace of it. In 570 AD, the city of Mecca welcomed Muhammad, member of the Quraysh mercantile tribe and eventual creator of Islam. During the 7th century, Muhammad gained favor through his charisma and solution to a dilemma regarding the repair of the Kaaba and the sacred black stone within. By 613 AD, Muhammad declared himself a prophet and encouraged peace and generosity to the poor and promoted better treatment for slaves. After condemning the Pagan followers to hell and insisting that the Kaaba be converted into a shrine for the Judeo-Christian God, Allah, Muhammad and his followers were forced to flee Mecca to Medina.

1. The Unification of Arabia
Saudi Arabia as we know it stems from the control of much of the Arabian Peninsula by the Ottoman Empire, the result of World War I, and the control of Muhammad bin Saud, or Ibn Saud. Under the Ottoman suzerainty, the peninsula was divided into small tribes that constantly fought for control of regions like Al-Ahsa. Despite a failed British-backed Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united Arab state, the end of World War I marked the end of Ottoman rule of Arabia. Shortly after the war, Ibn Saud took control of the kingdom of Nejd and, shortly after, declared himself king of the Hejaz. After defeating the Ikhwan, who rebelled against Ibn Saud’s rule, Hejaz and Nejd were united in as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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How Dangerous Is Donald Trump

His goal is ‘to make America great again’. The business mogul-turned Republican candidate, Donald Trump, formally launched his presidency campaign in June 2015. His critics scoffed, branding the Don as a cabaret act who was merely promoting his multi-billion empire. But seven months since he entered the political race, Donald Trump is at the top of the GOP polls. As of January 2016, he has a predicted 37% of the Republican vote, and is expected to win the Republican nomination.

As the polls rocket with every bigoted comment that he makes, congressmen from both sides of the political spectrum are shocked to see this caustic individual, and his dangerous views, edge ever closer to the White House. Property magnate Donald Trump is a newcomer to the political arena; he has never held political office. But Trump’s bombastic rhetoric and controversial policies have put him 11 points higher than second-place Republican candidate, Ted Cruz. His major campaign points include: a repeal of national healthcare, mass deportation of 11 million illegal immigrants, loosening of gun control in favor of the second amendment, deportation of all Syrian refugees, and a plan to build a ‘great wall’ between Mexico and the US, to reduce immigration.

But beneath this clownish demeanor, Trump’s actions are not at all funny. Playing on his adoring fans’ longstanding fear of liberal attitudes, Trump broadcasts dehumanizing language towards minorities, in order to score political points. In the wake of November 2015’s terrorist attacks in Paris, Beirut, and San Bernardino in California, Trump announced his most controversial promise yet. Critics like journalist Julia Hartley-Brewer are wary of this shrewd businessman’s tactics. She argues that Trump is well aware that a ban on the world’s 1.2 billion Muslims will never happen. But disparaging announcements like this will nonetheless act as ammunition for his campaign – and stir up racial tensions.

The so-called ‘menace to American conservatism’ has caused outrage even among the most right wing members of his own party. Republicans like former vice-president Dick Cheney have denounced Trump’s extreme anti-immigration policy. The former New Jersey Governor, Christine Todd Whitman, is not the first to compare Trump’s political success to that of Nazi führer Adolf Hitler.

Whitman has condemned Trump’s fascist rhetoric, while the media has pounced on his decree to create an Islam database and special ID cards to monitor US Muslims. This oppressive policy has harrowing echoes to Nazi Germany. Throughout Hitler’s rule in the 1930s and 40s, the Jewish population and other minority groups were forced to wear ID badges, to shame and identify the wearer. This badge of shame was one of the first steps that eventually led to the extermination of 6 million Jews in the holocaust. But if this wildcard did make it to the White House, would Trump follow through on these promises – or is it just a lot of hot air?

American history expert Brian Balogh predicts that after all his minority-bashing, a Trump presidency would be a difficult and embarrassing affair for this politically inexperienced frontrunner. Trump’s extreme policies would first have to be agreed with, among a Republican majority within Congress. This means that his controversial tax and anti-immigration policies will be extremely problematic – and according to leading economists like Alan Blinder, several of Trump’s policies would be financially unachievable.

However, Trump’s divisive immigration specifics could still have a significant impact on America’s increasingly Islamophobic society - and this will make it harder for minorities of all backgrounds to settle in the “land of the free”. Under the Obama administration, America has already tightened its borders for Iranian and other Middle East citizens, to prevent potential extremists from entering the country. And Trump’s hate speech is contributing to this division. Even if presidency isn’t on the horizon, the effects of Trump’s racist agenda are already being felt across the country.

Donald Trump’s strategy is to use his media platform to aggravate American communities with a barrage of extreme remarks. His most receptive fan base is low-income Republicans. Part of this group agreeably blame minorities for the faults within society – rather than the politicians in charge. But there are worse outcomes that could arise from Trump’s actions. According to political think tank policy director, Jonathan Russell, Trump’s announcement to “cut the head off ISIS” is an ignorant move.

In accordance with his anti-Muslim talk, Trump’s proposed attack on the terror group will in fact contribute to Islamist radicalisation. Russell claims that Trump will breed a discourse whereby Muslims feel increasingly ostracized in their own country, and thus turn to extremism. This will effectively put America at a greater risk from terrorist attacks. In the meantime, the champion for the far-right continues to air his white-supremacist views, normalizing racist attitudes for an ogling nation. Political journalist Heather Parton even argues that the racial tensions that Trump has caused serve only to convince the electorate to make America white again.

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Top 10 Amazing Facts About Iceland

Our global travel now takes us to Iceland, the Nordic slice of paradise between the United Kingdom and Greenland. From its jaw-dropping landscape and wildlife, to the man who broke a 1000-year old record, for this North Atlantic country, we’re going to read the entire installment in Icelandic! Seriously guys? Ha.. ha.. really funny.. As if I wasn't going to have problems reading some of these names as it is...Incredible..

10. Famous Icelanders
Every country has their share of famous people - you'd think that Iceland would be an exception... but you'd be wrong. Musical talents include - and I apologize if I botch any of these pronunciations - Bjork, Jonsi Birgisson, Nanna Bryndis Hilmarsdottir, Johann Johannsson, Emiliana Torrini, and Fridrik Omar, while the film and television industry has welcomed the likes of Hafthor Bjornsson, Anita Briem, director Baltasar Kormakur, and Gunnar Hansen. Iceland’s other Gunnar, Gunnar Nelson, is well known in the MMA circuit while Alfred Finnbogason and Aron Gunnarsson have graced the roster of Iceland’s national soccer team. Artist and sculptors Einar Jonsson and Istvan Ferenczy, poet Sjon, and novelist Halldor Laxness have spread their best timeless works across the globe while YouTubers BirgirPall, InfoMenarik, and DiddaProductions ensure a lasting legacy through a more modern medium.

9. Icelandic Innovations
Ever randomly wonder what Iceland has contributed to modern society? Wonder no more… because there really isn't that much out there.. Sorry Icelanders. Although the Beared Cap, also known as "lambshed-hoods", are pretty cool, but Iceland also has Chester Hjortur Thordarson. Thordarson is known for his work with the power transformer, most notably for the creation of the million-volt transformer for the 1904 World’s Fair. Snaebjorn Tr. Gudnason’s work on NanoIce may not seem as life changing as Thordarson’s transformer, but the potential is there. The concept of NanoIce benefits fish packing, allowing fish to remain fresher for longer. It’s estimated fishermen are able to use NanoIce to keep their catch fresh for 19 days at sea.

8. Icelandic Wildlife
With a name like Iceland, you may be expecting to see a bunch of penguins and polar bears, but the wildlife of Iceland is as diverse as any other country. From the fluffy and completely adorable Icelandic sheepdog to East Iceland’s population of reindeer, the country is brimming with photogenic wildlife that will spur countless “oohs” and “aahs.” The coastal waters surrounding Iceland are also home to majestic creatures like blue whale and arctic seal. Back on land, you’ll likely catch a glimpse of the arctic fox, American mink, Icelandic horse, and the densely populated Icelandic sheep. If you’re a birdwatcher, Iceland has some of the most unusual and beautiful species of birds in the world. Get your binoculars and camera ready and try and spot the barnacle goose, long-tailed duck, red-throated loon, horned grebe and the great cormorant.

7. Icelandic Cuisine
Chart a course throughout Iceland’s history and you’ll find that its proximity to the ocean has heavily influenced the country’s cuisine. From waterfowl to hakarl, or fermented shark meat, Icelandic cuisine comes heavily from the North Atlantic, but it’s not all about seafood. Sometimes, it’s about hrutspungar or svio, a boil sheep head complete with eyes. If your stomach is turning at the thought of these two unusual dishes, maybe you should go for something familiar, like ein meo ollu, otherwise known as the Icelandic hot dog. These lamb-based dogs are commonly topped with ketchup, sweet mustard, fried onions, and remoulade – all the fixens to put you in a food coma. If dessert is more your thing, you have to try Iceland's stapled Skyr, a pasteurized skim milk cheese with a similar taste to yogurt.

6. Icelandic Tourist Attractions
Want to get to know Iceland more? What better way is there than to traverse its lands and get up-close to some of its grandest sites. We’re talking historical landmarks… like the Phallological Museum? Okay, maybe not the finest claim to fame, but there is plenty more out there to see than a museum dedicated to male genitalia. Take, for instance, the beauty of the Blue Lagoon, Iceland’s geothermal spa known for working miracles on the skin of its bathers. Lutheran travelers will take delight in the towering church, Hallgrimskirkja, while naturalists will revel in Skaftafell National Park, Jokulsarlon lagoon, Gooafoss, Askja, and the volcanic crater lake, Kerid.

5. The Mountain and the 1,000-Year-Old Record
To much of the entertainment loving world, he’s the Mountain in HBO’s Game of Thrones, but to Icelanders, he’s the man that crushed Orm Storulfsson's 1,000-year-old strongman world record. On January 31st, 2015, during the World’s Strongest Viking competition, Hafthór Björnsson carried a near 650-kilogram or 1,433 pound log, measuring 10 meters or 33 feet long on his back for 5 impressive steps. Storulfsson’s original record, which was achieved with the mast of Norwegian King Olav Tryggvason’s longship, Ormrinn Langi, was three steps, which ended with his back breaking. It’s said that over 50 men were needed to place the mast, which bore the same dimensions as Hafthór's shoulders.

4. The Icelandic Elf School
North American’s have bigfoot. The Scottish have Lock Ness. Iceland has elves, and to show just how passionate they are about these fascinating creatures, the capital city of Reykjavik is home to Alfaskolinn, the Icelandic Elf School. The school, while not actually a globally recognized place of learning, is where local students and tourists go to learn about the Icelandic folklore of elves. The Icelandic Elf School divulges about the 13 different types of elves, from the invisible huldufolk, or Hidden People, to the 8 centimeter or 3-inch tall humanoids. Belief and protection of the elven species has even crept into political matters, as seen in the 2013 attempt at halting highway construction over an ancient lava field because it could endanger the elf population of the area.

3. The Midnight Sun
It sounds like quite the contradictory event, but in some parts of the world, such as Iceland, a midnight sun is a real thing. During the summer solstice, which starts around June 21st for Icelanders, it’s possible for the sun to be visible for an entire 24-hour period, depending on where in the country you are. In the country’s capital, Reykjavik, the sun sets at around midnight and rises only 3 hours later, creating a perpetual series of daylight for approximately 3 months straight. The Earth’s axial tilt of approximately 23 degrees and 27 minutes causes this phenomenon – and though 24 hours of daylight sounds maddening, locals and tourists just get all the more time to enjoy many of Iceland’s finest facets.

2. A Very Merry Icelandic Christmas
Think Christmas is all about a fat jolly elf and gifts? Iceland’s zany Yule Lads have something to say about that! These 13 incredibly strange trolls - who include the likes of Pottaskefill the Pot-Scraper, Bjugnakraeker the Sausage-Swiper, and Gluggagaegir the Window-Peeper - are actually just the tip of the Christmas iceberg when it comes to Iceland’s holiday traditions. There’s also Gryla, the ogress mother of the Yule Lads who boils naughty children; the celebration of January 6th, or the Twelfth Night and last day of Christmas; the consumption of putrefied skate on St. Porlakur’s Day on December 23rd to symbolize the end of the Christmas fast; and, of course, there’s Christmas Day itself, which is traditionally celebrated on December 24th at 6:00 in the evening.

1. Iceland vs. the Sex Industry
Though it is a hefty industry across the globe and vast moneymaker, Iceland has taken up arms against pornography. While it may seem like an uphill battle, the country has already taken matters to push towards victory, starting with the closing of all strip clubs in 2010, leaving only two standing, though they’re tamer gentlemen’s clubs with go-go dancers. Prostitution has been long on the list, with fines and jail time introduced in 2009 for John’s caught with a prostitute. As for pornography? Technically, the distribution of print and video porn has been illegal since 1869, with legislation as late as 2013 being proposed to include online porn to that list.

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5 Space Myths Debunked

So theres no denying that Space is incredible, it’s a massive and mysterious thing that the world is still trying to understand! With so many people wondering about the final frontier there are gonna be a few myths that popup. Life Noggin is here to debunk 5 of those myths and give you some far out info in the process! Let’s do this.

1. There is a dark side of the Moon. Perhaps brought about by the Pink Floyd album, there’s a myth that says that one side of the Moon is constantly bathed in light while the other is in constant darkness. This isn’t true at all. The Moon is tidally locked to the Earth so one side always faces our planet. This means it orbits its own axis once per Earth month. So it has a day and a night, just a day that lasts two Earth weeks and a night that lasts the same.

2. NASA takes up almost a quarter of the government budget. NASA has never had that much money. Not by a long shot. The peak of NASA’s budget was in 1966 when the agency was pushing to complete the Apollo lunar landing by the end of the decade. At that point, NASA was getting 4.4 percent of the GDP; funding started dropping the next year and has been hovering on average around the 1 percent mark. The agency has never had 25 percent of the GDP. But can you image what we could do if we did have that kind of money for space exploration!? Are you listening government?

3. Astronauts buried their poo on the Moon. This is definitely a weird one, but one people have wondered about, because you generally don’t leave your… leavings out in the open. But NASA didn’t teach its astronauts to bury their poop. They didn’t even send them up there with much of a bathroom. During Moonwalks, NASA actually diapered its astronauts. It was the simplest solution; use the diaper then wash off one back in the lunar module. Luckily, none of the astronauts used their Moon diapers, because there was no hot water in the lunar module.

4. Space Has a Sound Every science fiction movie with an epic space battle has classic laser sounds and the explosions of those lasers blasting apart spaceships. But the reality is there’s no sound in space. Sound is actually a wave, and that wave needs a medium, like the Earth’s atmosphere, to go from the source of the sound to your ears. In a vacuum, without any medium for sound waves to travel through, there is no sound. Sorry George Lucas, Space battles are really really silent.

5. As children, we all grew up seeing the Sun as a yellow circle in a blue sky over a field. Or, if you were a more creative kid, it was a quarter circle in the corner of the paper with yellow rays streaming out of it. But the Sun isn’t yellow, and it doesn’t actually shoot out perfect yellow rays. That yellow hue is just an effect of our atmosphere. In fact, the Sun is actually white. That’s because it’s a main sequence star with a temperature of about 10,340 degrees Fahrenheit, which means it could only be white.

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Which Country Has the Best Technology?

Technology and innovation are coming full speed towards us from so many directions all over the world. But, Which Country Has The Best Technology country? Each country in this global tech race has something special to offer. Different countries have different specialties and deciding which one has, quote, the best technology really comes down to what you value the most.

“Technology” is just using scientific knowledge for normal, everyday purposes. So, the term “Best Technology” can consist of many things - electronics, infrastructure, scientific advances, internet, you name it. If your personal definition of “best technology” revolves around electronics, Japan may be your pick. It’s been named one of the top five economies developing cutting-edge digital technology and for good reason, too.

Japan has the highest quality of silicon for silicon processing chips, helping advance the world of electronics. And Japan is a leader in robot production. They’ve had great success using robots to reduce costs in their auto industry. And Tokyo’s public transit system is one of the best and most reliable in the world, with their fastest trains going 200 miles an hour! Lemme do some quick calculations here... Carry the one. That's very fast!

If you prefer great technology in the form of futuristic, green buildings and innovative city design, then Singapore may have the best tech for you. This quickly rising, superstar of a country is less than 300 square miles and filled to the brim with tall buildings, with little land left. To offset the greenery lost from development, buildings are covered with flowers, shrubs and even trees. There are parks on top of buildings and bridges connecting the city’s green spaces. Plus, Singapore has some pretty solid internet so you could easily share pics of this amazing place.

In early 2017, their internet connection speed peaked at 185 megabytes per second, the highest peak in the world. The United States is often thought of as the leader in tech, what with Silicon Valley and all, but it seems to be slipping down the ranks. Government-funding for scientific research and development for new tech has been falling for decades. Electronics like the smart phone you might be watching this on wouldn’t be around if it weren’t for government-funded research.

The US is also failing to provide tech workers. It’s estimated there are 3 million more STEM jobs available than there are people to fill them. It’s not all bad though. The US does produce the most advanced degrees in science and engineering and publish the most high-impact scientific publications. Plus, the US ranks second on the Global Competitiveness Index, which takes innovation, economy, and infrastructure into account. So we’ve got all that going for us.

You might be wondering where China comes into play in this conversation. China is a huge leader in the tech industry in a variety of ways and they’re gaining traction on the US. In terms of government spending for scientific and technological research, they’re the 2nd biggest spenders and are quickly catching up to the united states.

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As for everyday tech, their devices are more intelligent too. China has the most machine-to-machine communication of any country in the world. This means that more of their devices are sending messages to each other. Think, a car talking to a home security system talking to a television. and i'm trying to get in on that conference call because it sounds like it'd be a great conversation. With so many technologically-advanced countries, it’s hard to say which one is “best”. But Is it is cool to see all the technology being developed to help better the world and people's everyday lives.

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The Deepest Hole in the World

Deep in western Russia, the frigid desert contains the remnants of one of the most ambitious scientific experiments ever performed. It's a ruin now, a wasteland of jagged metal and crumbling concrete. If you search around long enough, you will find a rusted disc, bolted to the earth. So unassuming that you might even try to pick it up. But you won't be able to.

It's the welded-shut cap of a borehole that plummets more than twelve kilometers into the earth, deeper than the deepest depths of the ocean. It's the deepest hole on earth. It's called the Kola Superdeep Borehole, and its existence has nothing to do with petroleum exploration. Rather, when drilling began in 1970, Soviet scientists hoped to eventually drill down to fifteen thousand meters in order to gain a better understanding of the nature of the Earth's crust.

Because the truth is, we know less about what's under our feet than what's on the other side of the solar system. They drilled on and off for twenty-four years, and though they didn't quite reach their goal when work came to a halt in 1994, the engineers had reached a record depth: 12,262 meters, a record that still stands today. Two decades later, the Kola Borehole remains a remarkable technological and scientific acheivement.

To drill it, engineers devised a new method by which only the drill bit at the end of the shaft was rotated, the lubricant, in this case, pressurized drilling mud, was pumped down through a custom drill bit, allowing it to spin. Instruments had to be invented to take measurements at the bottom of the hole. What did we learn by drilling a third of the way through the Baltic continental crust? For one, there's water down there, at depths scientists didn't believe water could be found. They suspect that the water formed from hydrogen and oxygen that were squeezed out of rock crystals due to crazy high levels of pressure that far down. Unlike groundwater, this water originated from the rock minerals themselves. Never before had this been observed. Also surpising, how about microscopic fossils discovered by Russians at depths of up to 6.7 kilometers?

Researchers catalogued twenty-four species of single-cell plankton microfossils over the course of the project, and they weren't found in the kinds of deposits we're used to finding them, like limestone and silica. These were covered by organic carbon and nitrogen compounds, preserved thanks to those high pressures and high temperatures so far below the surface. As for those temperatures, by the time the engineers broke through the twelve kilometer mark, where rock samples were dated at 2.7 billion years old, the heat became a major issue.

Researchers thought the temperature of the rocks would be about 100 degrees Celsius. What they found were temperatures in excess of 180 degrees. It was this heat that caused the drilling to come to a stop. Engineers described the rocks at 12 kilometers as acting more like plastic than rock. Of course, as astonishing as this project was, the Kola Superdeep Borehole only made it through a tiny fraction of the Earth's layers.

12 kilometers is three times as deep as humans have ever gone, but the eath's mantle desn't even begin until about 35 kilometers below the surface. The mantle then continues for another twenty-eight hundred kilometers; the center of the inner core: more than sixty-three hundred kilometers below the surface. Put another way, this borehole which took 24 years to drill, made it roughly 0.002 percent of the way to the middle of the Earth.

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Top 10 Amazing Facts About New Zealand

Prepare for land as we approach the island country of New Zealand! You may know its landscape from The Lord of the Rings, but do you really know New Zealand as it deserves to be known?

10. New Zealand Cuisine
We all have our favorite cuisines, all varying depending on what part of the world you hail from.New Zealanders have their own selection of dining favorites, some stemming from Maori roots, such as sweet potato, and others, like pork, influenced by European settlers. One popular tradition that has stuck around is hangi, a method of cooking that uses heated rocks buried in a pit oven. Additional influence in New Zealand food stems from the British Isles. Fish and chips, custard squares, pavlova, and meat pies are popular in modern New Zealand, all accompanied with a budding wine and beer industry.

9. Inventions
In the medical field, we have inventors like Colin Murdoch to thank for the disposable hypodermic syringe and the child-proof medicine cap. Additionally, Murdoch was known for his creation of the modern tranquilizer gun. A little less imperative to saving human life, but still impressive none-the-less, are the creation of the eggbeater, burglar-proof windows, and the spiral hairpin, credited to New Zealand emigrant Ernest Godward. If you’ve ever watched YouTube videos of people rolling down hills in giant plastic balls, you can thank David and Andrew Akers for their creation of the Zorb.

8. Famous New Zealanders
One of New Zealand’s greatest claims to fame is Ernest Rutherford. A chemist and physicist, Rutherford is best known for being the first individual to split an atom and created a credible theory of atomic structure, for which he won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. On the other end of the spectrum was Sir Edmund Hillary, who was the first to reach the summit of Mount Everest in 1953.

Other notable Kiwis include filmmaker Peter Jackson, Russell Crowe, Sam Neil, the Flight of the Conchords, Bruce McLaren, and Katherine Mansfield. Nancy Wake earned notoriety during World War II when she became the Gestapo’s most wanted person while Charles Upham became the first soldier to earn 2 Victoria Crosses for one war. On YouTube, be sure to check out Shirley Setia, Wacky Wednesday, and Shannon Harris from Shaaanxo.

7. New Zealand Wildlife
You may have heard us call New Zealanders "Kiwis" a time or two, and now you finally get to know why! While many people would likely associate this terminology with the fruit, the New Zealand nickname was derived from the flightless bird native to the country. Joining the Kiwi on land are New Zealand’s only native land mammal, the long-tailed and short-tailed bat. Traverse this beautiful country and you’ll come to find that it is a haven for seabirds, playing host to albatross, New Zealand Dotterel, New Zealand Fairy Tern, penguins, and Westland petrel. What New Zealand lacks in native land mammals it makes up for in Weta, of which there are over 70 different species inhabiting the land.

6. New Zealand Tourist Attractions
Probably the most notable tourist attraction in New Zealand is not some manmade structure, but rather a series of caves found in the King Country region of New Zealand. The Waitomo Caves are not your average holes within the Earth, especially when you get to the Waitomo Glowworm Caves. These caves are home to an incredible spectacle, an underground light show provided by nothing more than thousands of living glowworms. If insects and enclosed spaces aren’t your thing, maybe you’ll enjoy The Sky Tower and its 328 meter or 1,076 foot view over Auckland. Looking to avoid heights and want something a bit more natural? You’ll probably want to stop by the thermal wonderland of Rotorua, the Bay of Islands, Tongariro National Park, or Kaikoura.

5. Women’s Suffrage and the $10 Note
Women’s right to vote has been a hot button issue in just about every culture, and New Zealand is no exception. Up until the late 19th century, women were barred from being involved in politics. Enter Kate Sheppard, establisher of New Zealand’s Women’s Christian Temperance Union. With backing from the union, Sheppard sought to instill women’s suffrage and introduced the first bill in 1887, followed by a pamphlet the following year titled “Ten Reasons Why the Women of N.Z. Should Vote.” By September 19th, 1893, women of New Zealand were able to vote, and November 28th of the same year would also mark the first election they could vote in. That year, nearly 2/3 of women voted in the election and Sheppard’s efforts found her on New Zealand’s $10 note.

4. The Treaty of ANZUS
In 1951, Australia, New Zealand and the United States entered into a security agreement that bound them to cooperate when it came to military issues in the Pacific Ocean. Though a focal and integral part of the Australian, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty, New Zealand’s anti-nuclear stance brought a change to the treaty. With the country and the majority of its people pro-nuclear disarmament, and the United States having declared itself a nuclear power, a discord started to form, eventually leading to the U.S. suspending its obligations to New Zealand. With the pact essentially dissolved, despite New Zealand never officially withdrawing, the United States considered the country “a friend, but not an ally.” In 2010, the two countries signed the Willington Declaration, a move that wiped out any strain from the ANZUS dispute.

3. Film-Friendly
If you’re in need of a place to film your movie, you may be able to find support – and amazing landscape in New Zealand, one of the film industry’s most prominent locales. The rolling hills of New Zealand have been featured in such theatrical epics as The Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Hobbit trilogy, Peter Jackson’s King Kong, and other productions like Stephen King’s The Tommyknockers and The Frighteners. Its environments, from sandy beaches to snowy alps, provide incredible diversity for a myriad of needs, but the look of a movie is not always the driving factor. Qualifying productions that film in New Zealand can receive a cash grant of 20%, along with an additional 5% for those that can demonstrate economic benefits.

2. Celebrating the All Blacks
What do Kiwis do when they’re not helping in film productions, cooking hangi style, or visiting the Glowworm Caves? They support the All Blacks, their local men’s rugby union team. In 1870, Charles Monro is said to have introduced New Zealand to the sport of rugby, which he became familiar with at Christ’s College in Finchley, England. May 1870 was the first game ever played by New Zealand players and the original All Blacks emerged in 1905 during a tour of the British Isles. In 1987, 2011, and 2015, the All Blacks took the Rugby World Cup championship, becoming the first team to claim three World Cups. Even at their worst, the All Blacks typically only lost one game and often placed in the top 3.

1. Strange Records Held by Kiwis
According to the Guinness World Records, around 100 records have been attributed to New Zealanders, and there are some really odd claims to fame out there. Among some of these records are Martin Reuben de Jong’s 2009 feat of running through 15 consecutive panes of glass; the greatest distance between the same individual being ticketed by the same officer for the same offense, broken by Constable Andy Flitton; and Clint Hallman, the first individual to receive a hand transplant operation after cutting his off with a chainsaw. The list goes on to include the most heads shaved in one hour for a Child Cancer Foundation fundraiser, a man that can throw a washing machine 4.015 meters or 13.17 feet, and the largest wasp nest discovered in 1963.

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