Russia: At a seven-year high, the ruble

 The Russian ruble is constantly strengthening against the dollar despite sanctions on the Russian economy.

Despite the economic sanctions of the West due to the invasion of Ukraine, the Russian national currency is constantly strengthening.

On Tuesday, the ruble went on sale in international money markets for less than $ 55, which is the first time since June 2015, according to the Russian news agency.

The ruble is also strengthening against the euro since the relative correspondence reaches 57.9 rubles.

At the same time, international oil prices are rising.

Simple Facts About Russia

Hall of Russia is in Europe and halfs in Asia. Russia is by far the largest country in the world.

Climate of Russia
Because Russia is so large, the cimate varies greatiy, There are deserts, frozen coasts, marshes and plains.

Plants & Animals of Russia
Russia S home to many rare animals Such as polar bears snow leopards and but tis est know for e siberien tiger.

Sports& Recreation of Russia
Russians enjov playing soccer and hockey. Individual Olympic Sports are a'so very mportant especially gymnastics, skiing and skating.

Culture of Russia
Chess is important part of the Russian culture. Chidren begin learning in Kindergarten and begin competing by age ten. Russíans ove ballet and are known for elaborate choreography and stages.

Arts & Crafts of Russia Russia is famous for its nesting dols which are paint wooden figures that fit one inside the other.

Outstanding Facts About Russia

2022: February 24
At dawn, Russian President Vladimir Putin announces a "special military operation" in Donbas. In this way, and after months of tension in the area, Russia attacks military targets in Ukraine. (less than a year ago)

2004: March 14
In Russia, Vladimir Putin, a former KGB officer and president of the country since 1999 after the resignation of Boris Yeltsin, is overwhelmingly re-elected for a second term as president. He will rule authoritatively. (17 years ago)

1996: November 23
In Russia, Aslán Maskhadov, a Chechen general, signs in Moscow, together with Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, an agreement to initiate détente in Chechnya, which will lead Russian President Boris Yeltsin to order the withdrawal of federal troops remaining in Chechnya , after a war that began on December 11, 1994 and has already caused between 80,000 and 100,000 deaths. With Maskhadov achieving this victory over the Soviets, he will be the first democratic leader of his republic. In 1999 and after some Chechen attacks in Russia to extend the war, the second Russian invasion will take place, eager to make up for the defeat of 1996. On March 8, 2005, in the town of Tosltoi-Yurt, on the outskirts of Grozny, (25 years ago)

1994: December 11
Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops invade Chechnya with two columns of tanks, starting the Chechen War, in what at first appears as a military parade for the Russians. The war will not go according to plan and will last until Russia, subjected to internal pressure due to the casualties of its troops, and external pressure due to the brutality of the means used, signs on August 25, 1996 in Khasavyurt (Dagestan), a truce agreement between General Aleksandr Lébed, Russian President Boris Yeltsin's envoy, and the person in charge of the Chechen negotiations, Aslán Masjádov. On May 12, 1997, the Russian Federation and Chechnya will sign a final peace agreement. (27 years ago)

1993: January 3
The Russian and North American presidents, Boris Yeltsin and George HW Bush, sign the START II Treaty initiating nuclear disarmament. (29 years ago)

1991: November 7
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) is banned in Russia. In 1993, 500,000 militants will found the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which will have to be legalized. Following the dismemberment of the USSR, other influential communist parties will form in various former Soviet republics. (30 years ago)

1991: June 12
After the disappearance of the USSR, Boris Yeltsin is elected as the first president of Russia, being the first directly elected by the people in the history of his country. His mandate will be marked by corruption, economic collapse and the war in Chechnya. (30 years ago)

1922: December 30
In Moscow, Russia, the Congress of Soviets meets and unanimously approves the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, a federal socialist state made up of fifteen republics. After sixty-nine years of existence, it will finally be dissolved on December 31, 1991. (99 years ago)

1918: February 14
The Soviet Government establishes in Russia the Gregorian calendar instead of the Julian. (104 years ago)

1917: November 7
In Russia, a coup against the tsarist regime puts Lenin in power. The catastrophic military failure in World War I has left Russia in unfortunate economic conditions, which has served as a breeding ground for the revolution to have had an easy birth. Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate on March 15, and a totally incompetent provisional government was established in his place. Lenin will govern the Soviet Union until his death in 1924. He will be succeeded by the dictator, megalomaniac and genocidal Joseph Stalin. (104 years ago)

1917: April 16
With the country plunged into chaos due to World War I and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin arrives in Petrograd (Russia) from his exile in Switzerland to take control of the revolution. Although first exiled in Siberia and later fled to Europe due to his political and revolutionary activities, Lenin managed to strengthen the Bolshevik Party through his writings and his fluent oratory. Seven months after his return, and under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolsheviks seize power. Lenin would oversee the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and lead the country until his death in January 1924, after being treated for syphilis the previous year. (104 years ago)

1917: March 15
In Russia, during the first phase of the revolution, Czar Nicholas II is forced to abdicate, thus ending the Romanov dynasty and the monarchy. A few days later, Nicholas II and his family will be taken prisoner. The following year, on July 17, they will be shot along with some servants, the family doctor and the child's dog. (104 years ago)

1916: October 5
Although the main route of the Trans-Siberian railway was inaugurated on July 21, 1904, today the bridge over the Amur River opens, finally linking Moscow with Vladivostok through 9,288 km of railway line, the longest in the world. This solves the serious isolation of Siberia. It crosses eight time zones in a trip that lasts about 7 days. Other branches to China and North Korea will be added later. (105 years ago)

1914: August 1
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia, transforming the conflict between Austro-Hungarians and Serbs into a military confrontation on a European scale, starting the devastating First World War. (107 years ago)

1908: June 30
Near the Podkamennaya Tunguska river in central Siberia, a huge airburst occurs, presumably caused by a comet fragment formed by ice, which, when bursting in the Earth's atmosphere, destroys about 2,000 km 2 of pine forests. (113 years ago)

1905: October 26
Elections to the Soviet of Workers' Deputies are held in all factories and industrial enterprises of St. Petersburg. In the evening, the first session of the soviet takes place. Soon after, the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies will be organized. (116 years ago)

1905: September 5
In the USA, the "Treaty of Portsmouth" is signed, ending the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, ending with the defeat of Moscow, through which Japan is granted the southern half of the island of Sakhalin and leased the Liaodong peninsula and the Russian railway system in southern Manchuria, expanding its area of influence in Asia. (116 years ago)

1905: June 15
In the Black Sea, in front of the city of Odessa (Russia), which is in a state of emergency, the battleship Potemkim flies the red flag, the seed of the revolution that will bear fruit 12 years later. (116 years ago)

1905: January 22
In St. Petersburg (Russia) the so-called "Bloody Sunday" takes place when hundreds of workers and their families die in a peaceful march to deliver to the Tsar a request for labor improvements, which does not respond to any political slogan. The march is savagely suppressed by foot soldiers and Cossack troops. The Tsar has previously left the city fearing for his safety. The bloody repression will cause a wave of protests throughout Russia: the definitive divorce between the Tsar and the mass of peasants and workers will have been consummated. (117 years ago)

1894: May 26
Nicholas II, who will be the last Tsar, is crowned in Russia. Nicholas, who does not want to be Tsar nor has he been prepared for it, will not turn out to be a good regent. He will dedicate himself to maintaining an ironclad autocracy in a time of change. After a series of fiascoes in the Russo-Japanese War and during World War I, he will finally be dismissed and arrested in 1917. During the Russian Revolution, on the night of July 16, 1918, an order will be issued for the execution of Nicholas, his wife, children and several servants, as the Bolsheviks thought that the counterrevolutionary forces might try to rescue them. (127 years ago)

1875: May 7
In exchange for 18 of the Kuril Islands, Japan cedes the island of southern Sakhalin to Russia. (146 years ago)

1869: March 6
In St. Petersburg (Russia), the chemist Dmitri Mendeleev presents a first version of his periodic table of elements to the Russian Chemical Society. It is the first consistent table of the similarities of the chemical elements, according to their atomic masses. It lists the 63 elements known at that time in increasing order of atomic weight. (152 years ago)

1867: March 30
Russia, tired of the problems caused by the unproductive territory of Alaska, impossible to colonize due to its inclement weather, decides to sell it to the United States for the modest amount of 7,200,000 dollars in gold. In this way, she avoids justifying military spending in defending the sovereignty of a land that the majority of the Russian population sees as wasteland, and that, probably, they would have had to defend when the Canadians became independent from the English. (154 years ago)

1861: March 3
In Russia Alexander II abolishes serfdom, something that affects more than 40 million peasants; but the "mir" system (rural community that owns the land it works, but is collectively responsible for taxes) will endure. (160 years ago)

1860: May 31
In Russia, the Imperial Russian Bank is founded, which, at the end of the 19th century, will become the Central Bank of Russia. (161 years ago)

1858: July 2
In Russia, Tsar Alexander II, who after his failure in the Crimea is planning great reforms, grants emancipation to the serfs of the empire. (163 years ago)

1854: September 20
During the Crimean War, the British and French forces, determined to close off the Russians from passing through the straits that leave the route to India open, defeat the Russians in the Battle of Alma (Russia, along the river of the same name which empties into the Black Sea), a strategic victory that leaves the Russian naval base in Sevastopol vulnerable and puts any Russian position in jeopardy. In it, 240,000 combatants of both sides die. Sevastopol will fall a year later. (167 years ago)

1854: March 27
France and the United Kingdom, as allies of Turkey for the maintenance of the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and fearful of tsarist expansionism, declare war on Russia, which gives rise to the Crimean War. The war will end with the signing of the Peace of Paris on March 30, 1856, which will mean the isolation of Austria, the hegemony of France and the end of the strongly conservative policy of Tsar Nicholas I. (167 years ago)

1833: May 2
In Russia, Tsar Nicholas I prohibited the sale of slaves in public markets. (188 years ago)

1826: August 3
The coronation of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia takes place in Moscow. (195 years ago)

1812: September 14
The Napoleonic troops arrive at the gates of Moscow (Russia) after three months of march in which they have taken several cities and fought several battles; but the Muscovites have taken refuge in the nearby forests and set fire to the city so that, without food and enduring extremely low temperatures, the French army will be forced to withdraw without having achieved its objective of subduing Tsar Alexander I. Only 58,000 troops of the Napoleonic army, little more than 20% of the total, will survive the Russian campaign. (209 years ago)

1812: September 7
In Russia, the battle of Borodino takes place, about 120 km from Moscow, in which, after nine hours of intense fighting between the French and Russian armies, some 100,000 deaths are produced on both sides and the withdrawal of Russian troops that will lead to the occupation of Moscow, where they will arrive on the 14th, finding the capital literally razed to the ground. This tactical victory of Napoleon and his French troops will not finish off the Russian forces under the command of Prince Mikhail Kutuzov. (209 years ago)

1812: June 24
Napoleon begins his campaign in Russia, without a previous declaration of war, when he crosses the Niemen River with his army. (209 years ago)

1807: February 7
In Eylau, present-day Russia, the bloody battle of the same name takes place, which will conclude the following day, between Napoleon's troops against the Russian-Prussian army, with an uncertain outcome: after 14 hours of continuous battle, no other conclusion can be drawn than the huge loss of life for both sides. Casualties between dead and wounded are estimated at 40,000. (215 years ago)

1805: December 2In the Battle of Austerlitz (present-day Czech Republic), also called the Battle of the Three Emperors, Napoleon defeats the armies of the Third Anti-French Coalition (Great Britain, Austria, and Russia), wiping out the remnants of the Holy Roman Empire. This victory will make France the head of a great empire. (216 years ago)

1801: March 24
In Russia, a conspiracy of a group of nobles, soldiers and merchants, with the connivance of the future Tsar Alexander I, achieves that Tsar Paul I is assassinated by officers of his guard. The erratic policy and absent of any sign of sanity of this tsar is what has led him to this tragic destiny. (220 years ago)

1795: October 24
When concluding Prussia, Russia and Austria the third division of Poland, this ceases to exist. Poland will regain its independence in 1918 in the form of a republic, at the end of the First World War. (226 years ago)

1787: August 13
Turkey declares war on Russia, after Catherine II's rejection of the ultimatum given by Turkey to abandon its "protectorate" of Crimea. (234 years ago)

1772: August 5
In the agreements of Saint Petersburg, Russia, Prussia and Austria share a third of the Polish territory, thus avoiding a European war. (249 years ago)

1762: July 9
In Russia, Catherine II assumes the position of empress as the successor of her husband Pedro III, assassinated in a plot. Catalina will attempt a Europeanization of the country, and will grant the nobility a relevant position that she has not had until that moment. She will fail in her attempt to create a code with the ideas of Montesquieu, and in 1773 she will have to face a dispute with the peasants, due to the disastrous social situation in which the rural population will be plunged. She will be considered an intelligent, cultured, shrewd, highly skilled, passionate woman with a somewhat peculiar private life. She will cultivate a great friendship and communication with the great French Enlightenment such as Diderot, Montesquieu or Voltaire. (She 259 years ago)

1762: June 28
The German princess Sofia Federica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, married since 1745 with Emperor Pedro III, ascends the Russian imperial throne, with the name of Catherine II. During her reign, Russia will begin one of the brightest times in its history with a great growth of the economy due to liberalizing measures. (259 years ago)

1755: April 26
The first Russian University, with three faculties, is opened in Moscow. The project has been approved by Empress Isabel on January 12 of this year. (266 years ago)

1727: May 17
Peter II, the 11-year-old minor grandson of Peter I the Great, is appointed Tsar of Russia after the death of Tsarina Catherine I. He will die in Moscow in 1730, at just 14 years of age, a victim of smallpox. . He will be the last Romanov through the male line. (He 294 years ago)

1723: September 12
In Russia, the Treaty of Saint Petersburg is signed, ending the Russo-Persian War. Taking advantage of the revolts that had broken out in Persia, Tsar Peter I the Great occupied the coast that said country had on the Caspian Sea. (298 years ago)

1721: September 10
Russians and Swedes sign in Nystadt (Russia) a peace treaty that ends the Great Northern War, thus beginning a century of balance of forces in the Baltic. Russia annexes Livonia, Estonia, Ingria and Karelia. (300 years ago)

1720: January 21
Sweden, in its capital Stockholm, signs peace with Prussia, ending hostilities in the so-called Northern War, in which Denmark and Russia are also involved. On July 14 she will sign peace with Denmark and on September 10 of the following year, finally with Russia. (302 years ago)

1700: February 12
As a result of great historical disagreements between Sweden and its neighbors Russia, Denmark-Norway and the Republic of the Two Nations (Poland and Lithuania), today Saxon troops attack the Swedish city of Riga and its surrounding fortifications in Livonia, giving beginning of the Great Northern War, which lasted until 1721, for supremacy in the Baltic Sea. (322 years ago)

1700: January 1
In Russia, with the modernizing reforms promoted by Tsar Peter I the Great, the Julian calendar came into force, instead of the Byzantine one. (322 years ago)

1689: September 12
Peter I the Great, Tsar of Russia, imprisons the current regent, his half-sister Sofia, in a convent in Moscow and assumes power. (332 years ago)

1682: May 7
In Moscow (Russia) there are serious clashes over the imperial succession, since when Tsar Feodor III died on April 27, the National Assembly elected his 10-year-old brother Peter I as the new Tsar. The Court, however, considers this designation illegal, but he will reign until his death in 1725, making Russia a power. (339 years ago)

1667: January 30
The Peace of Andrusovo is signed, ending the Thirteen Years' War between Russia and Poland. Russian sovereignty of Left Bank Ukraine is agreed, while Right Bank Ukraine and Belarus will remain under Polish control. (355 years ago)

1656: May 17
Russia declares war on Sweden. The next day he will begin hostilities by penetrating through Livonia into Swedish territory. (365 years ago)

1648: June 1As a result of unpopular tax measures that have caused great discontent in the population, Morozov's government is overthrown by a popular uprising in the city of Moscow (Russia). Many officials are lynched and Morozov has to flee. (373 years ago)

1613: March 3
In Russia, an assembly of nobles elects the young Michael I as Tsar. With him the Romanov dynasty begins. The boyars, very committed to the previous Polish government, withdraw completely. (408 years ago)

1613: February 21
The Russian National Assembly unanimously elects the 16-year-old Michael Romanov, as Michael I, as Tsar. reigned for 700 years. During these intervening years, three impostors appeared claiming to be Prince Dimitri, the son of Ivan the Terrible who had his throat slit in 1591 as a child. Taking advantage of the prevailing chaos, the Poles invaded Moscow. Later, in an atmosphere of extreme patriotism, the capital managed to be liberated during a popular revolt and Miguel was chosen as Tsar. With his election, which will culminate in his coronation on July 22, the Romanov dynasty begins, which will rule the country until the February Revolution of 1917, in which Tsar Nicholas II will be forced to abdicate. (409 years ago)

1613: February 7
In Russia, Michael Feodorovich Romanov, Michael III, is elected as the new Tsar, ending the so-called "time of disturbances", which began in 1598 when Tsar Fedor I, who was mentally deficient, died in the city of Moscow, extinguishing the dynasty. Russian of the Ruríkidas in its masculine line. (409 years ago)

1598: January 7
In Russia, when Fyodor I Ivanovich died, Boris Godunov became Tsar. He will force the banishment of the Romanovs. He will fight against the privileges of the nobility and strengthen trade. In 1604 he will defeat the usurper Demetrius who will try to overthrow him and will finally die in 1605. (424 years ago)

1571: May 24
In the morning, Crimean Tatars set fire to wooden houses around Moscow, Russia, in response to Ivan IV's annexationist attempts. A strong wind blows, fanning the fire, and soon the entire city is on fire. Behind them, the Tartars loot the houses and persecute their inhabitants. In a few hours the city turns into a heap of smoldering ashes, only the Kremlin is saved, protected by its high stone walls. (450 years ago)

1547: January 16
In Moscow (Russia) Ivan IV, later known as Ivan the Terrible because of the brutal cruelty and heavy hand with which he ruled the destinies of his country, had himself crowned the first Tsar of all the Russias. (475 years ago)

1533: December 4
In Moscow (Russia), at the age of three, the one who will become known as Ivan the Terrible is proclaimed Grand Prince of Moscow, on the occasion of the death of his father, Grand Prince Vasily III. His mother will reign in his name until she dies poisoned in 1538 by boyar clans who will compete for power. (488 years ago)

1380: September 8
The Battle of Kulikovo takes place, near the Don River (Russia), in which the Russians, commanded by the Muscovite Prince Donskoi, suffer 70,000 casualties, but emerge victorious after facing the Mongol Tatars, who lose 130,000 men. After this battle the Russians will remain united marking the beginning of the end of Mongol rule over Russia. (641 years ago)

1242: April 5
In the icy waters of Lake Peipus, Russia, Alexander Nevsky, thanks to the courage of his soldiers and his own cunning, manages to annihilate the Teutonic Knights when they end up drowning after the ice of the lake breaks due to the weight of their armor. Alexander becomes the great savior of Russia, demonstrating that the unity of the people can destroy any invader and he becomes a national hero. Because of his victories, but also because he knew how to be realistic, the Orthodox Church will make him a saint. (779 years ago)

Featured births in Russia
1934: March 9
Yuri Gagarin was born in Klúshino, present-day Russia. On April 12, 1961, he would become the first human being to cross space aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft. He would die on March 27, 1968, when the MiG-15 aircraft that will pilot during a routine flight crashes near Moscow. (87 years ago)

1906: December 19
Born in Dnieprodzerzhinsk (Russia) Leonid Brezhnev who, during his tenure as Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982, would elaborate a doctrine that would affirm the right of Soviet intervention in other countries of the socialist area, and would order the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. (115 years ago years)

1898: January 22
Sergei Eisenstein was born in Riga, capital of present-day Latvia but then a city of the Russian Empire, an avant-garde film director who, despite his scant filmography, which did not even make 20 films, some of them unfinished, managed to make his work continue reviewing assiduously for his contributions and influences in filming, set design, and montage in European and American cinema, especially for breaking with the hitherto inhabitable techniques in montage and starting his particular vision to link the scenes of a headband. His film "The Battleship Potemkin" of 1925, will be considered a masterpiece of the history of the seventh art. (124 years ago)

1894: April 17
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was born in Kalinovka (Russia) and would be the top leader of the Soviet Union between 1953 and 1964, who would purge Stalin's excesses and bring positions closer to the capitalist West. (127 years ago)

1872: March 31
Born in the Chudovsky District, Russia, Sergei Diaghilev, a Russian businessman and promoter who founded the legendary Ballets Russes, a company from which many famous dancers and choreographers will emerge. In Paris in 1910, during the premiere of Schérézade , he will exchange the dancers' tutus for daring trousers designed by León Bask and the dancer Vaslav Nijinsky will wear gold paint on his body and jewels on his clothing. (149 years ago)

1870: April 22
Born in Simbirsk (Russia) Vladimir Ilich Ulianov, who will be known as Lenin, Russian revolutionary leader and Bolshevik leader. He will be the first chairman of the Government of the Soviet Union (the Council of People's Commissars). (151 years ago)

1868: March 28
Maxim Gorky was born in the Russian city of Nizhny Novgorod, pseudonym of Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov, a Russian playwright and politician identified with the Soviet revolutionary movement. A master of realism, he will be considered one of the most relevant personalities in the culture and literature of his country. Over time, his work will acquire a markedly political character. Among his writings, it is worth mentioning "The mother" and "The underworld". (153 years ago)

1866: December 16
Born in Moscow (Russia), Wassily Kandinsky artist who in his works will paint his inner feelings in a search for the spiritual by interpreting what he feels when seeing the world. He will be, somehow, despised and highly criticized for this new way of painting. For this reason he will be considered the inventor of abstract painting. (155 years ago)

1857: September 17
Konstantin Tsiolkovski, a Soviet physicist who will be considered the father of cosmonautics for his studies on space travel, was born in Izhevskoye, Russia. (164 years ago)

1846: May 30
Peter Carl Fabergé, a famous jeweler who manufactured beautiful pieces in the shape of gold and enamel Easter eggs, miniature animals, chalices, and chocolate boxes, was born in the city of Saint Petersburg, Russia. (He 175 years ago)

1845: March 10
Alexander III Romanov was born in Saint Petersburg, present-day Russia, and ascended to the throne in 1881, after the assassination of his father Alexander II in the same city. He will be an authoritarian and energetic sovereign, who will keep intact the autocratic and absolutist system of the Russian monarchy. He will reign in this way until his death on November 1, 1894. Nevertheless, his reign will be considered quite prosperous. (176 years ago)

1844: March 18
In Tijvin, Russia, the famous composer and conductor Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and one of the great figures of the Russian nationalist school was born. Among his best-known orchestral works are "Capricho español" , the "Overture of the great Russian Easter" and the symphonic suite "Scheherazade". (177 years ago)

1842: December 9
Piotr Alekséyevich Kropotkin was born into an aristocratic family in Moscow (Russia), who would be a geographer, naturalist and political thinker. He is considered one of the main theoreticians of the anarchist movement. (179 years ago)

1840: May 7
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer, was born in Votkins (Russia). With a nervous personality, it will be the loss of his mother when he is only 14 years old, his passion and idolatry for Mozart and his platonic relationship with women, the elements that will mark and influence his beautiful works, such as the romantic "Overture 1812 ". (He 181 years ago)

1834: February 8
Born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, Dmitri Ivánovich Mendeléyev, Russian chemist, creator in 1869 of a new and definitive Periodic Table of the elements. It will classify and rearrange several chemical elements taking into account the increasing value of their atomic masses, grouping them in rows and columns so that all the elements in the same column will present a similar behavior while reserving blank spaces to add elements not yet discovered and predicting the properties of those elements yet to be discovered. With this new version of Mendeleev, the way will be opened to the great advances experienced by chemistry during the 20th century. (188 years ago)

1828: September 9
In Yásnaya Poliana (Russia), the prolific Russian writer Liev Nikolaevich Count of Tolstoy, known as Leo Tolstoy, author of "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" among other works in which he admirably described Russian life and customs, was born. He was an ideologue of active nonviolence. (193 years ago) 1821: November 11Fyodor Milkhailovich Dostoevsky, a great figure of Russian literature of the 19th century and of all time, was born in Moscow (Russia). His works of great realism will enjoy a deep psychological content. (200 years ago)

1818: April 29
Born in Moscow, Russia, Alexander II, Tsar reformer and supporter of peace, who paradoxically will have to face numerous discontents and the nationalism of his subjects. He will implement the most difficult reforms undertaken in Russia. (He 203 years ago)

1818: April 17
In the city of Moscow, Russia, Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov, eldest son of Tsar Nicholas I, great-grandson of Catherine the Great, was born. He will occupy the throne on the death of his father in 1855. In 1856 the Crimean War will end with a significant loss of territorial influence for Russia. He will sign alliances with France and England against Turkey. He will also undertake reforms such as the abolition of the serfdom of the glebe, that is, the freedom of the Russian peasants. He will create courts with free magistrates and juries. He will suffer several attacks until in 1881 one of them ends his life. Then his son Alexander will succeed him. (203 years ago)

1814: May 31
In Priomukhino (Russia), the Russian revolutionary and writer Mijail Alexandrovich Bakunin was born, who would elaborate the theory of anarchism, as a way to achieve the abolition of any form of governmental authority. (207 years ago)

1776: January 24
In Königsberg (Prussia, now Russia), the German writer and composer ETA Hoffmann was born, who would exert a great influence on the romantic movement of German literature. (246 years ago)

1724: April 22
Born in Köenisburg (now Russia), Imanuel Kant, a German philosopher whose key work will be "Critique of Pure Reason" , in which he will try to base human knowledge and its limits. (He 297 years ago)

1715: October 23
In St. Petersburg, Russia, Peter II was born, who would be Tsar of Russia from 1727 until his premature death, a victim of measles, in 1730, at the age of 14. (306 years ago)

1709: December 29
Elizabeth I of Russia, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I, was born in Kolomenskoe (Russia), residence of the tsars, and reigned as empress from 1741, after organizing a palace revolt to depose Tsar Ivan VI, until her death in 1762. (312 years ago)

1672: June 9
Tsar Peter I the Great, son of Tsar Alexis and Natalia Narishkina, was born in Moscow (Russia). In 1689 he will lead a coup d'état that will remove from power his half-sister Sofía, who occupies the regency, and his half-brother Iván IV. (349 years ago)

1530: August 25
Ivan IV Vasilyevich, also called Ivan the Terrible, was born in Kolomenskoe (Russia), Tsar of Russia from 1547 to 1584, considered one of the creators of the Russian state. (491 years ago)

1440: January 22
Ivan III the Great, "Great Prince of Vladimir and Moscow" and "Sovereign of all the Russias", was born in Moscow, present-day Russia. He will carry out a skillful policy of alliances and confrontations with the Tartar chiefs, which will quadruple his territory. He will marry the niece of the last Byzantine emperor making Moscow the third Orthodox Rome. (582 years ago)

1220: May 30
In Vladimir, present-day Russia, Alexander Nevsky was born, a Russian leader who would fight against the Swedes in 1240, defeating them on the Neva River, near St. Petersburg. Later, in April 1242, he will confront the Teutonic Knights in Novgorod and defeat them at the Battle of Lake Peipus, expelling them. When the Mongols invade Russia from the East, he will mediate between his people and the Mongols, and in 1246 he will be appointed Grand Prince of Kiev by the Mongols themselves. In 1251 they will raise him as Prince of Vladimir, removing his brother Andrew. He will be canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, whose feast day is celebrated on September 12. (801 years ago)

Reported deaths in Russia
2007: April 23
Boris Yeltsin, who was president of Russia between 1990 and 1999 and the first to be democratically elected, dies in Moscow (Russia). In that decade, he led his country through a political and economic transition. (14 years ago)

1921: February 8
Piotr Kropotkin, geographer, Russian thinker and father of anarchism along with Bakunin, dies in Moscow (now Russia). (101 years ago) 1918: July 16In Siberia (Russia), former Tsar Nicholas II and his family are taken to the basement of the country house of merchant Nikolai Ipatiev, where they are lined up and shot by 11 Bolshevik soldiers. Not all die instantly and several daughters of the Tsar, who hide jewels sewn into their clothes against which the bullets collide, have to be finished off with rifle butts and bayonets. (103 years ago)

1916: December 29
Rasputin, an illiterate monk of peasant origin and mystic with great influence over the Romanovs, is assassinated by people close to the Tsar. His body is thrown into the icy waters of the Neva River. (He 105 years ago)

1908: June 21
In Saint Petersburg, Russia, the famous composer and conductor Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov dies after years of suffering from angina pectoris. He has been one of the great figures of the Russian nationalist school, consistent in the use of popular folk songs and their harmonic, melodic and exotic elements, seeking distance from the classical Western way of composing, although not rejecting it. Among his best-known orchestral works, "Capricho español", the "Overture of the great Russian Easter" and the symphonic suite "Scheherazade" should be highlighted . (113 years ago)

1907: February 2
Dmitri Ivánovich Mendeléyev, Russian chemist, creator in 1869 of a new and definitive Periodic Table of the elements, dies in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He classified and rearranged several chemical elements taking into account the increasing value of their atomic masses, grouping them in rows and columns so that all the elements in the same column would present a similar behavior while reserving blank spaces to add elements not yet discovered and predicted the properties of those elements yet to be discovered. With this new version of Mendeleev, the way was opened for the great advances experienced by chemistry in the 20th century. (115 years ago)

1893: November 6
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer, dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia). With a nervous personality, it was the loss of his mother when he was only 14 years old, his passion and idolatry for Mozart and his platonic relationship with women, the elements that marked and influenced his brilliant works. (He 128 years ago)

1881: March 13
Alexander II, Tsar Regent of Russia since 1855, is assassinated in a bomb that explodes in the streets of Saint Petersburg. The perpetrator is the group "The Will of the People", founded two years earlier, which does not hesitate to use terror and assassination in its attempt to wipe out tsarism from Russia. The assassins of Alexander II will be arrested and hanged and the members of the group will be persecuted until their total elimination. (140 years ago)

1881: February 9
Fyodor Mijailovich Dostoevsky, Russian writer, dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia). Among his best-known works, the unforgettable "Crime and Punishment", "The Gambler", "The Idiot" and "The Brothers Karamazov" stand out . (141 years ago)

1881: January 28
Fyodor Milkhailovich Dostoevsky, a great figure of Russian literature of the 19th century and of all time, dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia). His works of great realism have a deep psychological content. (He 141 years ago)

1855: March 2
Czar Nicholas I dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia). His son Alexander II succeeds him. (166 years ago)

1804: February 12
Imanuel Kant, a German philosopher whose key work is "Critique of Pure Reason" , dies in Köenisburg (present-day Russia). (He 218 years ago)

1796: November 17
In Saint Petersburg (Russia), Tsarina Catherine II the Great dies at the age of 67. During her 33-year absolute reign, she achieved the unification and expansion of the Russian empire and the Russian economy grew considerably and cities such as Sevastopol and Kherson were founded. The reforms of it were of an aristocratic nature favoring the immobility of the traditional structures of society, erected in the servitude of the peasantry. (225 years ago)

1783: September 18
The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia), who with his work on differential calculus achieved a great advance in infinitesimal calculus. (238 years ago)

1671: June 16
In the Red Square of Moscow (Russia) Stenka Razin, head of the Don Cossack rebellion against the nobility and the tsar's bureaucracy in southern Russia, is quartered. (350 years ago)

1605: April 13
Boris Gudonov, Tsar of Russia, dies. Not being a member of the upper bourgeoisie, he was exposed to intrigues, especially from the later Romanov family of tsars. (416 years ago)

1585: August 16
In Siberia, the head of the Cossacks Timofeievich drowns in the Irtysh River while fleeing from the Tatars. With his campaign launched in 1581 he paved the way for the conquest and annexation of Siberia to Russia. (436 years ago)

1584: March 18
Tsar Ivan IV, nicknamed the Terrible, dies in Moscow at the age of 53, under whose reign a regime of terror was established against the upper classes and he assumed for the first time an expansive policy in Russia. (437 years ago)

Outstanding Facts About Ukraine

2022: February 24
At dawn, Russian President Vladimir Putin announces a "special military operation" in Donbas. In this way, and after months of tension in the area, Russia attacks military targets in Ukraine. (less than a year ago)

2014: February 22
In Ukraine, President Viktor Yanukovych leaves Kiev in a hurry and Parliament dismisses him by 328 votes in favor and 6 abstentions through a motion of censure before an absent president, amid hugs and applause from deputies. In addition, presidential elections are called for May 25 and former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko is released from her prison sentence by order of Parliament after yesterday eliminating the article of the Penal Code for which she had been convicted. In the streets, demonstrators jubilantly celebrate the new developments. (8 years ago)

2014: February 18
The political crisis that Ukraine has been experiencing for 3 months has ended in its capital, Kiev, with 22 dead and hundreds injured in clashes between opponents of President Victor Yanukovych, who are calling for changes in the country from Independence Square to pressure in favor of the promised constitutional change, and the security forces, who respond with rubber bullets, tear gas and smoke bombs. Two days later, on the 20th, Yanukovych will intensify the repression using snipers stationed on the roofs to shoot down the demonstrators, causing about 80 deaths. The next day, the 21st, Yanukovych and the opposition will sign a pact that removes powers from the president, sets early elections and returns to the 2004 Constitution. (8 years ago)

2014: January 28
In Ukraine, after two months of riots, the Government falls in full, before the firm protest of the opponents, at the same time that the Parliament annuls the laws that toughened the penalties for unauthorized demonstrations and prohibited setting up tents in the city. Despite this change in attitude, people continue on the streets calling for the resignation of President Yanukovych, the origin of the protest for having sold the country in exchange for Russian President Putin's support for the presidential elections. The riots have cost several dead. (8 years ago)

1918: March 3
Bolshevik Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the central powers, abandoning the enormous attrition of World War I and providing independence for Poland and the Baltic territories of Ukraine and Finland. (103 years ago)

1854: August 21
Today, British nurse Florence Nightingale, nicknamed "the angel of the wounded" and considered the mother of modern nursing, is sent to serve in the Crimean War (present-day Ukraine). Once there, more specifically in Sukari, Nightingale and her co-workers will reform and thoroughly clean the hospital, despite the adverse reaction of doctors and officials, with which they will be able to reduce the mortality rate from 40% to two%. She will triumphantly return to England on August 7, 1857, and will devote the rest of her life to furthering her profession by founding a nursing school to bear her name. She will save many lives. She (she 167 years ago)

1768: February 29
In Bar, present-day Ukraine, a group of Polish nobles establish the Bar Confederation, which defends the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church and the peasant nobility, opposing Russian intervention in Poland. (253 years ago)

1709: July 8
Tsar Peter I the Great definitively put a stop to the expansionist desires of the Swedes, by defeating Charles XII of Sweden, the conquering king, in front of the city of Poltava (Ukraine). The Swedish king is seriously wounded in the course of the battle and will take refuge in the Ottoman court in Istanbul for years. (312 years ago)

1709: June 27
The Battle of Poltava takes place, in present-day Ukraine, in which Tsar Peter the Great defeats the troops of Charles XII of Sweden, depleted by the harsh winter they have had to endure when attempting to invade Russia. With this Russian victory, the end of the kingdom of Sweden as a European superpower begins. (312 years ago)

1648: May 5
Polish Cossacks, led by their leader Bogdan Khmelnistki, defeat an army of Polish nobles at the Battle of the Blue Waters, near Siniuja, Ukraine. Cossacks and Ukrainian peasants oppose the repressive policy of the Polish King Ladislaus IV. (373 years ago)

Featured births in Ukraine
1908: December 31
In Buczacz, Austria-Hungary, which today is part of the Ukraine, the "Nazi hunter" Simon Wiesenthal was born, who would found the Jewish Documentation Center and would have a decisive role in the persecution and arrest of more than a thousand Nazis, including Eichmann, kidnapped in 1960 in Argentina. (113 years ago)

1896: May 3
In the Russian city of Kiev, now belonging to Ukraine, the future Israeli politician and Prime Minister Golda Meir was born. She will be the prime minister of Israel between 1969 and 1974, the year in which she will resign due to a scandal over the lack of military preparation of the Israeli troops during the Yom Kippur war of 1973. She (she 125 years ago)

1879: November 7
In Yanovka, Ukraine, Lev Davídovich Bronstein was born, who would be known as Leon Trotsky, a Soviet revolutionary politician and theoretician, and one of the protagonists of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917. He would create the Red Army that would win during the Russian Civil War. the foreign armies and the so-called White Armies, opposed to the revolution. (142 years ago)

1857: December 3Born in Berdyczów (present-day Ukraine) Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski de Nalecz, nationalized English Polish novelist better known by his pseudonym Joseph Conrad, author of novels such as "Heart of Darkness" , "Lord Jim" , and "The Secret Agent" among others. (He 164 years ago)

Iraq: Summer - hell, the temperature reaches 50 degrees

 It has turned into a continuing torture in the summer in Iraq as the thermometer has been stuck for days close to 50 degrees.

An unusual heatwave is hitting Iraq this June, with temperatures hovering above normal. In Baghdad, the thermometer showed 50 degrees in the shade at the beginning of the month, according to the state television network.

According to the APE-MPE, due to lack of maintenance and resources, the electricity network is collapsing, resulting in Iraqis having electricity only a few hours a day. And not everyone can afford private companies, as the cost is about 100 euros per month for a family of four.

"National priority"

Iraq is facing a summer out of hell, following a spring marked by sandstorms and dust, which were also caused by climate change and desertification, according to meteorologists.

"As heat waves and sandstorms are expected to increase, we expect to have more patients with climate-related health problems," said Saif al-Badr, a spokesman for the Iraqi Ministry of Health.

Climate is changing, temperatures are rising and Iraq is at the forefront of the effects of climate change, President Barham Saleh has warned. He called for the treatment of its effects to be reduced to a "national priority because it poses an existential threat to future generations".

In the province the crops are expected to be catastrophic. "Desertification is affecting 39% of Iraq, and water scarcity is a problem in all of our provinces," Saleh said.

At the moment, the climate is in the background on the political agenda.

Eight months after the parliamentary elections, the Shiite parties, which have a majority in parliament, have failed to agree on who will be the country's prime minister. Incumbent Prime Minister Mustafa Kazimi is dealing with current affairs.

For Natak al-Hafaji, a resident of Nasiriyah, this means "living without electricity". Today the temperature reaches 44 degrees Celsius. "I can still stand it, but for children and the elderly it is very difficult."

"The heat kills us"

Although Iraq is a country rich in hydrocarbons, it is facing energy shortages. That's why he had to turn to Iran, which supplies him with a third of the gas it needs to generate electricity.

But Baghdad owed $ 1.6 billion to Tehran, which cut off gas supplies for a few weeks in the spring. Iraq finally settled its debt in mid-June.

However, the numerous, daily power outages did not stop.

At the same time, the level of the rivers is constantly decreasing due to the reduced rainfall and the dams created by Iran and Turkey.

And that's just the beginning. The World Bank estimates that if Iraq does not adopt appropriate policies, the country's available water reserves could be reduced by 20% by 2050.

Outstanding Events in Cambodia

1979: January 7
In Cambodia, Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge army are forced to retreat into the jungle as Vietnamese troops besiege the capital Phnom Penh. After almost 5 years of terror, the dictatorial regime of Pol Pot with a policy of displacement of the urban population towards the countryside, has left two million Cambodians dead: malnutrition, forced labor, ill-treated illnesses, and more than 200,000 people tortured and executed without trial. Pol Pot will maintain command of the exiled Khmer Rouge for two more decades until his seemingly natural death in 1998. (42 years ago)

1975: April 17
In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge seize power by capturing the capital Phnom Penh and overthrowing General Lon Nol, who has ruled the country dictatorially since 1970. In this way the civil war ends but begins a totalitarian era of horrors known as the "Cambodian genocide. "in which between two and three million people will be exterminated. (46 years ago)

Reported deaths in Cambodia
1998: April 15Pol Pot, one of the greatest genociders of the 20th century and leader of the Khmer Rouge, dies of disease in the Cambodian jungle convinced that he has acted in accordance with the good of his country. He was responsible for the death of 2 million compatriots. (23 years ago)

Outstanding facts in Canada

1995: October 30
The separatists of Québec (Canada) are defeated at the polls by a narrow margin. 50.6% of the citizens with the right to vote in the French-speaking province of Québec decide to continue to belong to Canada, compared to 49.4% who ask for independence. Never in its 128-year history has Canada suffered such a worrying threat to its unity. (26 years ago)

1992: December 17
The North American Free Trade Agreement (TLC its acronym in Spanish and NAFTA in English) is signed between the United States of America, Mexico and Canada. This agreement is part of the set of regional economic integration processes that have been developing in recent decades in the international economy. NAFTA has special consideration as it is the first time that a regional integration process has been carried out in which developed countries (United States and Canada) and a developing country (Mexico) participate. The Treaty consists of a preamble and 22 chapters grouped into 8 sections, with a Secretariat that administers and is in charge of executing the resolutions and mandates. The agreement is scheduled to enter into force on January 1, 1994. (28 years ago)

1987: September 16
Given the seriousness of the destruction of the ozone layer by a series of chemical compounds that are devouring this vital envelope, in Montreal the Protocol of the same name is signed that will prohibit the consumption of numerous substances that have been studied to react with it and are believes that they are responsible for the depletion of it. It will come into force on January 1, 1989 and will show its effectiveness because it will begin to regenerate little by little. (34 years ago)

1976: July 17
With the presence of 92 countries and 6,189 athletes, the XVIII Olympics of the Modern Era are inaugurated in Montreal (Canada). They will close on August 1. (45 years ago)

1949: April 4
In the midst of the Cold War, meeting in Washington (USA), twelve western states, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Holland, Portugal, Canada and the USA, founded the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO), a military alliance, which provides for a collective defense, through close military collaboration, against possible Soviet aggression. This alliance will help to significantly increase the influence and power of the United States in Europe. In successive years, more countries will join, Spain in 1982. In 1955, in response to NATO and as a result of the increase in international tension, several eastern countries, led by the Soviet Union, founded the Warsaw Pact. (72 years ago)

1948: March 17
As during the previous two years the USSR has established socialist regimes in central and eastern Europe, the climate of mutual distrust between the former allies against Hitler's Germany grows in the face of western fear of an extension of Soviet power. For this reason, today, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom sign the so-called "Treaty of Brussels", by which they promise each other assistance in case of aggression. This treaty lays the foundations of what will be the future NATO, which will finally see the light of day on April 4, 1949 by signing the "North Atlantic Treaty" the "Brussels Five", plus Canada, Denmark, the United States, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal. (73 years ago)

1945: October 16
In the castle of Frontenac in Quebec, Canada, the process, begun two years earlier, for the creation of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) culminates, in which 34 countries sign their Constitution in which it is stipulated that "the Organization shall have a Conference, in which each Member State and Associate Member shall be represented by a delegate." Its objective will be to try to optimize production and better distribute agricultural products, in order to increase the level of food by eradicating hunger in the world. (76 years ago)

1922: January 23
In Toronto, Canada, the patient Leonard Thompson becomes the first human being to receive an insulin injection as a treatment for his diabetes. Half a year earlier, Canadians Frederick Banting and Charles Best managed to extract, from laboratory animals, the protein from the pancreas that causes the symptoms of diabetes, insulin. They experimented by injecting insulin into sick animals that recovered. These tests confirmed that the cause of diabetes was a lack of insulin, responsible for metabolizing sugars. In 1923, insulin will be a relatively easy product to buy, which will undoubtedly save many lives. In the 1980s, genetic engineering will get human insulin, a breakthrough. (99 years ago)

1901: December 12
In Newfoundland (Canada) Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian physicist, receives the first radio transmission between two continents. The signal they send him from England, the letter "M" for Marconi in Morse Code (two lines), has crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Cornwall (United Kingdom), some 3,200 km away. With this achievement, he manages to silence those who argue that the curvature of the earth will limit transmission to approximately 320 km. This fact will be prominent news in the newspapers and in 1909 he will receive the Nobel Prize in Physics. (120 years ago)

1896: August 17
George Washington Carmack discovers gold in Bonanza Creek, a tributary of the Klondike River in the Yukon Territory, Canada, starting a "gold rush" in the Klondike Valley that, under the surveillance of the RCMP, will run further. or less peaceful. (125 years ago)

1876: July 6
In Canada, after the last nail was placed in the railroad, after seven years of extremely hard work, the 4,674 km of rails linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts by rail were inaugurated. (145 years ago)

1867: July 1
The Canadian Confederation is officially proclaimed with John A. Macdonald being the first person to hold the position of Prime Minister of Canada. (154 years ago)

1857: December 31
The city of Ottawa, a former settlement of the Algonquin Indians in the Ottawa River Valley, becomes the capital of Canada. (163 years ago)

1811: November 7
In North America, at the Battle of Tippecanoe, an experienced American expeditionary force under General William Henry Harrison defeats the Shawnee Indian tribe, led by Tecumseh, seeking a united Indian confederation. Tecumesh promised his warriors that the weapons of the American troops would do them no harm, as a result of which he will fall from grace and flee to Canada. Tecumseh will die in 1813 during the Battle of the Thames. (210 years ago)

1791: December 6
An Act establishing Upper and Lower Canada is approved in the British Parliament, thus giving the first step towards the creation of a Canadian confederation. (230 years ago)

1775: December 31
In the American Revolution, the Battle of Québec takes place, when the British garrison in the aforementioned Canadian city is attacked by American troops under the command of General Richard Montgomery and Colonel Benedict Arnold. The British commander, General Guy Carleton, cannot get help because the St. Lawrence River is frozen, and he has to rely on the French-speaking militia in the city, which flock to it. The British will defeat the Americans, whose defeat will put an end to their hopes of uprising the French-Canadian settlers as well. Despite the victory in the battle, it will not be until 6 months later when the invasion is totally repelled, with the arrival of 4,000 soldiers, which will force the Americans to leave Québec. (245 years ago)

1759: September 13
In Canada, during the war between the French and the English, at the Battle of the Plaines d'Abraham, General Montcalm's French troops are defeated, which will de facto imply British control of the country. (262 years ago)

1497: June 24
Encouraged by the success of Columbus and in the service of Henry VII of England, the Italian navigator Giovanni Caboto reached the rocky shores of present-day Newfoundland, thus giving rise to the English claims on North America. In 1498, after being appointed Admiral, Cabot left in command of an expedition of 5 ships and from 1499 there will be no further news of him or of this expedition. (524 years ago)

Outstanding births in Canada
1934: September 21
In Montreal, Canada, Leonard Cohen was born, who will be a Canadian poet, novelist and singer-songwriter and will come to be considered one of the fundamental singers and composers of American folk of the sixties and seventies, of great influence on other contemporary catautors. As a poet, in 2011 he will receive the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature. (87 years ago)

1919: October 18
In the Canadian city of Montreal, Pierre Elliott Trudeau was born, who will be the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984. He will enjoy great popularity and will be responsible for the establishment of the French and English languages as official languages of his country. He will also be the architect of the creation and legislation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. (102 years ago)

1915: June 10
Born in Lachine, Canada, the writer, of Jewish-Russian origin, Saul Bellow, awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1976. "Carpe Diem" and "Herzog" will be works from his great pen. (106 years ago)

1835: March 12
Born in Wallace (Canada) Simon Newcomb, Canadian astronomer and mathematician, who will achieve a notable contribution to the studies of celestial mechanics and will be the compiler of one of the most relevant astronomical ephemeris calendars. (186 years ago)

Reported deaths in Canada
1922: August 2
Alexander Graham Bell, a British speech therapist, dies in Beinn Bhreagh (Canada). In his lifetime he presented 18 individual patents and 12 with collaborators, although he will be best known for being the inventor of the telephone in 1876. In 1880 he received the prestigious Volta Prize. (99 years ago)

Outstanding Events in Chile

2010: October 13
With great media expectation, in Copiapó, in the middle of the Chilean Atacameño desert, the 33 miners trapped for more than two months at 622 meters deep in a well of the San José mine took place. (11 years ago)

2010: August 5
Near the Chilean city of Copiapó (Atacama) there is a collapse in the San José Mine, trapping 33 miners at a depth of 622 meters. The mine is dedicated to extracting gold and copper. With great anguish, 17 days later, on the 22nd, and thanks to a message sent from the inside through a probe, it will be known that everyone is safe. Nearby, Camp Esperanza will be established, a settlement with rescue teams, family members and the press. After weeks of drilling, the salvage will be completed successfully on October 13. (11 years ago)

1998: October 16
At the London Clinic in London (United Kingdom), where he has undergone surgery for a hernia, the senator and former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet is arrested by members of Scotland Yard, by order of the Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, accused of crimes of genocide, terrorism and torture, within Summary 19/97, Piece III related to the so-called "Plan Cóndor". Finally, on March 2 of the following year, the British government decided to release Pinochet for humanitarian reasons derived from his state of health. (23 years ago)

1994: October 21
An international arbitral tribunal rules in favor of Argentina in its conflict with Chile over a narrow valley between rectangular mountains 12 km wide and about 44 km long known as the "Lago del Desierto", a border area between the two countries of 530 square kilometers. (27 years ago)

1990: March 10
In Chile, Patricio Aylwin, a Christian Democrat, becomes president in free elections, ending the brutal and bloody dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet, who led a military coup in 1973. (31 years ago)

1986: September 8
At dawn in Chile, in retaliation for an attack that killed 5 of his bodyguards yesterday, the dictator Augusto Pinochet, in addition to decreeing the state of exception, orders the CNI (Central Nacional de Informaciones, successor of the DINA) the arrest of 4 members of the opposition who are violently taken from their homes. Their bodies will be found riddled with bullets the next day. In 2006, 14 former CNI agents will be sentenced for this. (35 years ago)

1973: September 11
In Chile, General Augusto Pinochet violently deposed democracy and Constitutional President Salvador Allende, who was the first freely elected Marxist leader at the polls in the American continent, commits suicide when he sees no way out. Allende led a democratic socialism, ruling through free elections and respecting the Law. He redistributed the land and, to the chagrin of the United States, nationalized big business in foreign hands. The CIA (American Central Intelligence Agency) consolidated a fierce opposition to Allende by founding groups in secret and his hand is behind the bloody coup. (48 years ago)

1972: December 22
The 16 survivors of a crashed plane are rescued in the Andes after being isolated from the world for 72 days. Of the 45 occupants, 12 died from the crash and the survivors had to endure hunger and temperatures of 30 degrees below zero at night. After trying to subsist on what little food they had waiting to be saved, their hope was dashed when they learned by radio that their rescue had been abandoned. They decide to feed on their deceased companions. Finally fed up with everything but especially by the incessant trickle of deaths from their companions, two of them resolve to cross the immense mountains to try to ask for help. This is how they get rescued. (48 years ago)

1971: July 11
The copper nationalization process culminates when the Chilean National Congress approves, by unanimous vote, the constitutional amendment that makes it possible. In the afternoon, in a massive rally in Rancagua, President Salvador Allende addresses the country stating that "Chile is going to nationalize copper by virtue of a sovereign act. Sovereign act that is even enshrined in United Nations resolutions, which they establish that countries have the right to nationalize their basic wealth. " (50 years ago)

1970: November 3
In Chile, the presidential replacement takes place when the socialist Salvador Allende, winner of the elections, receives the band of President from the hands of his predecessor in office, the Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei. (51 years ago)

1970: October 24
In Chile, after the last elections of September 4 in which no candidate obtained an absolute majority, Salvador Allende, candidate for the Popular Unity and the most voted of those elections, is confirmed in Congress as constitutional president. (51 years ago)

1970: September 4
The Popular Unity, led by Salvador Allende, wins the elections in Chile. (51 years ago)

1964: September 4In the Chilean elections the Christian democrat Eduardo Frei wins, defeating his rival from the Left Front, Salvador Allende. (57 years ago)

1960: May 22
In the vicinity of Valdivia, Chile, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded takes place with a magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter scale, leaving a balance of more than 2,000 people dead, 3,000 injured and some 2 million homeless. The resulting powerful tsunami will cause enormous damage and nearly 200 deaths thousands of miles away, in Hawaii, Japan, and the west coast of the US. (61 years ago)

1945: June 19
In Chile, 120 km south of Santiago, the carbon monoxide emanations produced by the fire of a forge and some barrels of oil located near one of the access portals to the El Teniente copper mine, causes thick columns Smoke spread inside the mine due to ventilation conditions, causing 355 miners, blinded and suffocated by smoke, to die in the interior galleries. 747 more workers are injured of greater or lesser importance. This unfortunate event will go down in history as the "Smoke Tragedy". The unfortunate accident will mark a separate point in Chilean labor legislation from which modern legislation on industrial hygiene and prevention of occupational risks will be developed, Copied from the models that have been practiced in the United States and Europe. Likewise, the Mining Safety Department will be created. (76 years ago)

1932: June 4
Marmaduke Grove, appointed commander-in-chief of the newly created Chilean Air Force, leads a coup in Chile and proclaims the Socialist Republic that will last until June 16, when Carlos Dávila, one of the participants in the Coup, takes over power exclusively. Grove will be deported to Easter Island. On April 19, 1933, together with Óscar Schnake and other leaders, he founded the Socialist Party of Chile, of which he will be its General Secretary from 1939 to 1943. (89 years ago)

1904: March 13
In the morning, in Las Cuevas, an Argentine town in the Department of Las Heras, Mendoza, located in the Andes Mountains on the border between Argentina and Chile, the foreign ministers of both countries together with other civil, ecclesiastical and military authorities, They inaugurate the monument of Christ the Redeemer which will be a symbol of friendship between the two peoples. On the monument there is an inscription with a message from Pope Pius XII, which is read in this act by the Bishop of San Carlos, and which says: "These mountains will collapse first before Chileans and Argentines break the peace sworn at the foot of Christ. Redeemer". This symbolic ceremony puts an end to the tense disagreements that have arisen between both parties that, due to border issues, have been on the verge of unleashing a terrible warlike conflict. (117 years ago)

1901: August 31
The Chilean politician, member of the Liberal Party, Germán Riesco, is proclaimed president of the Republic of Chile. He will hold the presidency of the Republic from today until 1906. His government will be characterized by a worsening of social and economic problems, and the harsh repression of workers' demonstrations. He will also be criticized for his weak character and his inability to control the parties. At the end of his term, considered disastrous by public opinion, he will go into private activity until his death in 1916. (120 years ago)

1888: September 9
On behalf of the Republic of Chile, whose president is José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández, Captain Policarpo Toro takes possession of Easter Island, located in the Pacific Ocean, being incorporated into the national territory on this same day, by decision of the people of Pascue. , inhabitants of Polynesian origin. The operation is closed by paying six thousand pounds sterling to the owners of the island and five thousand francs more to the Catholic mission that has assets on it. (133 years ago)

1884: April 4
Once the War of the Pacific has concluded and by signing the truce treaty of Valparaíso, Bolivia leaves its province of Antofagasta under Chilean law. This treaty establishes that the territories between the Loa River and the 23rd parallel will remain under the administration of Chile and that, in return, Bolivia will have access to the ports of Arica and Antofagasta. Later, in 1904, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Bolivia will be signed, which will recognize the perpetual domain of the disputed territory by Chile, for which, Bolivia will lose all right to have an outlet to the sea and complete it. sovereignty over the Pacific Ocean. This last treaty will be a source of diplomatic tensions since Bolivia will always try to regain a free and sovereign exit to the Pacific Ocean. (137 years ago)

1883: October 20
In the Ancón de Lima resort (Peru) the Ancón Treaty is signed, which restores peace between Chile and Peru, concluding the Peruvian participation in the War of the Pacific. Peru cedes the department of Tarapacá (today Iquique, in Chile) to Chile. This treaty is much discussed in Peru and starts a civil war between the Peruvian signer and promoter Miguel Iglesias and Andrés Avelino Cáceres, which will conclude with the latter's victory. (138 years ago)

1881: January 15
In the vicinity of Lima, Peru, the battle of Miraflores takes place, in which the Chilean army will win, thus marking the end of the War of the Pacific between Chile and Peru and the occupation of the Peruvian city of Lima two days later. (140 years ago)

1879: April 5
Chile declares war on the Bolivian-Peruvian alliance for the nitrate lands of the Atacama desert. The Chilean army will conquer Lima in 1881. La Paz will be signed in 1883 by means of the Ancón treaty and Bolivia will lose after the war, its only exit to the sea. (142 years ago)

1879: March 23
In Calama, Bolivia, the Battle of Calama takes place, the first armed confrontation of the War of the Pacific between the Chilean army and Bolivian civilian forces. After several hours of combat, the Chilean troops will put an end to the Bolivian resistance. Its numerical superiority is decisive. The contest leaves 20 Bolivians and 7 Chileans dead. (142 years ago)

1879: February 14
Chile militarily occupies the port of Antofagasta, which belongs to Bolivia, and could be considered the beginning of the so-called Saltpeter War between Chile and the Bolivian-Peruvian alliance for the nitrate lands of the Atacama desert. The Chilean army will conquer Lima in 1881. La Paz will be signed in 1883 by means of the Ancón treaty and Bolivia will lose after this war, its only exit to the sea. (142 years ago)

1866: March 31
Under the command of captain Casto Méndez Núñez, the Spanish squad, anchored off the city of Valparaíso (Chile), expects them to honor their flag with 21 cannon shots. In the face of the Chilean refusal, Valparaíso was bombarded without rest for about 3 hours. More than 2,600 projectiles and grenades will engulf the city in flames, causing so much damage that the Chilean economy will enter a major recession for years. The Spanish squad will withdraw forever from the Chilean coasts. (155 years ago)

1844: April 25
Although already on February 12, 1818, O'Higgins proclaimed it as an independent Republic, it is not until today when the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Spain and Chile is signed in Madrid, Spain, by means of which Spain definitively recognizes the Independence of the Republic of Chile. (177 years ago)

1837: September 12
In the Chilean city of Valparaíso, the newspaper "El Mercurio", the dean of Chilean newspapers, is founded. (184 years ago)

1826: January 22
After the capitulation was signed four days ago through the Treaty of Tantauco, which definitively incorporated the Chiloé archipelago into the Republic of Chile, today the Spanish Empire in South America is put to an end by losing the Spanish crown, the Real Felipe Fortress. , which protects the port of Callao in Peru, when the Spanish brigadier José Ramón Rodil y Campillo, who never recognized the capitulation, and due to the lack of support from Spain, handed over the castle. Now begins the process of creating nation-states throughout South America. (195 years ago)

1823: July 24
Chile becomes the first state in America to abolish slavery. With the enactment of the law, some 4,000 slaves are released. (198 years ago)

1820: August 20
The military expedition led by General José de San Martín with the Liberation Army of Peru, composed of 4,000 troops, sets sail from the port of Valparaíso (Chile), which will achieve the independence of Peru. In September they will disembark in Pisco (Peru). Given that they are short of troops, in the first moments they will avoid a direct clash with the royalists and will initiate a war of attrition by cutting communication and supply lines. They will win the support of the local population and foment rebellion in the enemy ranks. On July 10, 1821, they will occupy Lima (Peru). San Martín, after verifying that the population agrees with this war of liberation, will proclaim the Independence of Peru on July 28 and on August 2 will assume the leadership of the State as "Protector of the Freedom of Peru", will abolish slavery, (201 years ago)

1818: April 5
In Chile, in the Maipo Valley, the Battle of Maipú takes place, in which the Chilean Independence Movement, led by José de San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins, obtains a decisive victory over the Spanish forces. The balance of the fight will leave some 2,000 Spanish and 1,000 Chilean casualties. (203 years ago)

1818: February 12
The independence of Chile is officially proclaimed. Bernardo O'Higgins begins his personalist government that will collapse in 1823 due to his opposition to the aristocracy, of which Ramón Freire will take advantage of his dictatorship. (203 years ago)

1817: February 8
Buenos Aires Colonel Juan Gualberto Gregorio de Las Heras crosses the Andes mountain range with his army to join San Martín and liberate Chile from the Spanish. On the 12th they will face the royalists in the battle of Chacabuco whom they will defeat. They will take the city of Santiago, two days later. (204 years ago)

1817: February 4
The troops of the army of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata of General San Martín, under the command of Major Martínez, defeat the Spanish troops in the Achupallas gorge, achieving with this victory the first triumph of the so-called "Army of the Andes. ", which in the end will end up giving independence to Chile. This action enables the patriots to secure the Putaendo valley, since the next morning the royalists will flee, abandoning everything. (204 years ago)

1812: February 13
In Chile, the "Aurora de Chile" is published, the country's first newspaper, published until April 1, 1813. (209 years ago)

1811: December 2
In Chile, the republican general José Miguel Carrera Verdugo along with his brothers, Juan José and José Luis, carry out a coup and dissolve the recently created Congress (July 4), overthrowing the conservative majority, without encountering any armed resistance. In this way, the exalted (a group made up of 12 deputies, among whom Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme and Manuel de Salas Corbalán and the royalists stand out, who only recognize the Cádiz Regency Council) remain in majority and designate a new Junta de Government, which will create the Supreme Judicial Court. (210 years ago)

1811: July 4
Meeting in Santiago, the first session of the Chilean Congress takes place, one of the oldest in Latin America. The best form of government for the kingdom of Chile is debated while the captivity of the King of Spain Fernando VII, kidnapped by Napoleon, lasts. (210 years ago)

1810: September 18
In Santiago de Chile an independent governing Board is constituted, which despite recognizing the sovereignty of the Spanish King Fernando VII, takes a first step towards his political and territorial emancipation. The purpose of this Board is to care for and maintain the colony of Chile while José Bonaparte usurps the Spanish throne. (211 years ago)

1770: October 10
The Captain Felipe González de Aedo, in command of the warship San Lorenzo, disembarks on Easter Island where he stays for seven days and takes possession of it in the name of the King of Spain, Don Carlos III, renaming it San Carlos. in his honor. Act is drawn up by which the aboriginal chiefs of the island recognize Spanish sovereignty. (251 years ago)

1722: April 5On Easter Day, the Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen discovers the island of Waihu in the Pacific Ocean, which he baptizes as Easter Island. Composed mainly of rock of volcanic origin, this island is inhabited by Polynesians and has more than 200 gigantic stone figures that are called "mohais". (299 years ago)

1709: February 12
From the Juan Fernández archipelago, belonging to Chile, the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk is rescued today, whose adventures on this island will inspire the book "Robinson Crusoe"by the writer Daniel Defoe. Selkirk, who in October 1703 was working on the galleon "Cinque Ports" that anchored in the archipelago, decided not to trust the safety of the aforementioned ship and requested to be taken ashore, repenting shortly afterwards. The isolation lasted four years and four months until, today, he is rescued by the corsair ship "Duke" that will leave two days later carrying on its deck the troubled and lonely Alexander, who will say goodbye to his abode of the last years in the ship while it is moving away from the shores that have sheltered him. Back in civilization, he became a lieutenant in the navy of "HMS Weymouth", a ship on which he died in 1723, at the age of 47. (312 years ago)

1647: May 13
In Santiago de Chile there is a devastating earthquake that kills a third of the population. (374 years ago)

1574: November 22
The Spanish navigator Juan Fernández discovers two islands belonging to the archipelago that currently bears his name, which he baptizes as Santa Cecilia (later called Más a Tierra and today known as Isla Robinson Crusoe) and Santa Clara. The archipelago is located 670 km. from the Chilean coast. (447 years ago)

1557: November 8
In Chile, in the swampy area of the San Pedro lagoon and the Biobio river, the battle of Lagunillas takes place. In it, the Spanish troops of Governor García Hurtado de Mendoza, made up of about 600 men, face off for the first time and defeat the Araucanian chief Caupolicán. (464 years ago)

1554: February 26
In the Sierra de Marihueñu, in the Concepción region (Chile), the military confrontation between Spaniards and Mapuches takes place in which the greatest military victory of the indigenous people over the Spaniards is achieved during the Arauco War, when the troops of the Mapuche Lautaro to the forces commanded by Francisco de Villagra. After this battle, the Spanish believe that the conquest of Chile has been lost, leaving the city of Concepción. (467 years ago)

1552: February 9
In Chile, in a strategic site due to its proximity to the coastal port and its privileged position to dominate the river valleys currently called Calle-Calle and Cruces, and its good access to the plains, where La Unión and Río Bueno are currently located. In the place where the Indian population of Aintil was rising until now, the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia founded the city of Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia with seventy neighbors, creating a council and leaving the lawyer Julián Gutiérrez de Altamirano as mayor. and greater justice of the city. (469 years ago)

1541: September 11
At dawn in Chile and by surprise, the forces of the Aconcagua chief, Michimalonco, attack and destroy the recently founded city of Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura, today known as Santiago de Chile. Inés de Suárez, Pedro de Valdivia's lover, orders some imprisoned chiefs to be slaughtered, to intimidate the attackers. Many of the attackers flee in terror when victory was at hand. (480 years ago)

1541: February 12
After having reached the Mapocho Valley (present-day Chile) in December 1540 under the command of some 150 Spaniards, Pedro de Valdivia obtained peaceful collaboration from the indigenous tribes of the place and entrusted the builder Pedro de Gamboa with the design of a new city following the rules arranged in the Royal Decree of 1523 for the New World. Today, and once its layout was completed with the creation of the Plaza de Armas and the public buildings that surround it, Pedro de Valdivia founded the city of Santiago del Nuevo Extremo, future Santiago de Chile. (480 years ago)

1540: December 13
The Spaniard Pedro de Valdivia arrives in the Mapocho valley, current Santiago de Chile, and changes the name of the Huelén hill to the Santa Lucía hill, saint of the day. (481 years ago)

1520: November 20
The maritime expedition of Fernando de Magallanes, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, crosses the strait that will bear his name. Despite the difficulties to cross it due to the convoluted coasts, at dawn on this day, the expedition sees snow-capped peaks to the east from the South Atlantic, thus discovering a territory that will eventually be called Chile. Diego de Almagro, considered the discoverer of Chile, will arrive by land sixteen years later in this beautiful region. (501 years ago)

1520: October 21
The Magellan fleet reaches a cape south of Patagonia that marks the strait that separates the South American continent from Tierra del Fuego. They have just discovered the passage to the west they are looking for. Later, and in his honor, this strait will bear his name. (501 years ago)

Outstanding births in Chile
1924: October 5
In Santiago, the Chilean capital, the short story writer and novelist José Donoso was born. It will be part of the so-called "Latin American boom". In his novels he will denounce the decadence of the high bourgeoisie. His 1958 novel "Coronation" will be a clear example. (97 years ago)

1917: October 4
Born in San Carlos (Chile), Violeta Parra, a versatile woman where they exist. In time she would become a Chilean singer, painter, sculptor, embroiderer and ceramicist. She will become the most important folklorist in her country and will be considered the founder of Chilean popular music. (104 years ago)

1914: September 5
In the Chilean town of San Fabián de Alico, Nicanor Segundo Parra Sandoval was born, a Chilean poet, mathematician and physicist whose work will have a profound influence on Latin American literature. It will be in 1937, with the publication of "Cancionero sin nombre" , when it stands out for its anti-hermetic style, in the context of a current that will advocate a return to expressive clarity. His work will include a score of poems, and several anthologies. (107 years ago)

1908: July 26
Born in Santiago de Chile, Salvador Allende, politician and constitutional president of Chile from 1970 until the coup d'état of 1973. (113 years ago)

1904: July 12
In Parral, Chile, Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto was born, who will be better known as the poet Pablo Neruda, Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971 and author, among others, of "Twenty love poems and a desperate song . " (117 years ago)

1889: April 7
Gabriela Mistral, writer, was born in the town of Coquimbo (Chile), awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1945, making her the first Latin American writer to achieve such a precious award. (132 years ago)

1809: September 4
Born in Petorca (Chile) the one who will be the military and politician and Chilean president from 1851 to 1861, Manuel Montt. He will be minister on several occasions and will found, in 1843, the University of Santiago de Chile. When Bulnes leaves the presidency, he will have their support to occupy the high magistracy of the country. His triumph, supported by the conservatives of Llano and Santiago, will be answered by uprisings that will be repressed. Montt will begin to lead a new government, characterized by authoritarianism. During his tenure, he will activate the economy and culture, encourage European immigration, create new rail lines and, in 1855, promulgate the Civil Code. In 1858 he will be reelected as president, representing the National Party. A year later, the Copiapó rebellion broke out, which was again put down by Montt. His second term will end in 1861, the year in which he will leave power to José J. Pérez. He will preside, until his death in 1880, the Supreme Court of Justice. (212 years ago)

1778: August 20
In Chillán, Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins was born, a Chilean politician and military man, a key figure in the independence of his country who will be considered one of the Liberators of America. He will be captain general of the Chilean Army, brigadier of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, general of Gran Colombia and one of the main organizers of the Liberation Expedition of Peru. (243 years ago)

Deaths reported in Chile
2010: July 21
At 93 years of age, the Chilean politician and journalist Luis Corvalán Lépez, who was secretary general of the Communist Party of Chile for more than three decades, dies in Santiago de Chile. During the coup that overthrew President Salvador Allende in 1973, he was arrested and deported to the Ritoque and Tres Álamos concentration camp without being subjected to trial. (11 years ago)

1973: September 23
Twelve days after Pinochet's coup, which ended democracy and established terror in Chile, the poet Pablo Neruda dies in its capital, Santiago, being buried surrounded by soldiers with the silence of the Chilean people, who shout to the world your pain. Your home will be ransacked and your books burned. (48 years ago)

1973: September 16
In the stadium of Chile (Santiago de Chile), where thousands of opponents have been confined, as a result of the repression that follows the military coup of September 11 led by Augusto Pinochet, which overthrew the constitutional government of Salvador Allende, is Chilean singer-songwriter Victor Jara assassinated after being cruelly tortured. (48 years ago)

1967: February 5
Violeta Parra, a versatile woman, dies in Santiago de Chile as she was a Chilean singer, painter, sculptor, embroiderer and ceramist, the most important folklorist in her country and founder of Chilean popular music, author, among many other songs, of "Gracias to life." (54 years ago)

1948: January 2
In the Chilean town of Cartagena, Vicente García Huidobro dies, a Chilean poet, the initiator of "creationism" who gave his works an intelligent and innovative look. He is considered one of the greatest poets of his country, along with Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, Nicanor Parra and Pablo de Rokha. (73 years ago)

1946: June 27
In Santiago de Chile, Juan Antonio Ríos, president of the Republic of Chile since 1942, dies during the exercise of his position. (75 years ago)

1558: June 27
In the town of Cañete, present-day Chile, the "toqui" (caudillo or Mapuche military chief) Caupolicán, born in Pilmaiquén, dies impaled. During several campaigns he led the Mapuche army, a people that tried to resist the Spanish conquest of southern Chile, until it was finally captured in the Battle of Fort Tucapel. Taken prisoner, he is martyred by Alonso de Reinoso, chief of the town of Cañete, who today condemns him to die impaled. (463 years ago)

1557: April 29
In the battle of Peteroa, on the southern bank of the Mataquito River (present-day Chile), Lautaro, an Araucanian leader who, with his native army, acted in the form of guerrilla warfare against the Spanish conquerors, died. His head is taken to Santiago and exposed in a pillory placed in the Plaza de Armas as a lesson to the population. Today he is recognized as a national hero of Chile. (464 years ago)

1553: December 25
In Tucapel, present-day Chile, the Spanish military and conqueror Pedro de Valdivia, governor of Chile, died in an ambush organized by Caupolicán and Lautaro, leaders of the indigenous resistance that seemed already suffocated. (467 years ago)

Outstanding Facts in China

2020: January 30
Today, after the first infections occurred outside of China, the World Health Organization declares the international alert to the unstoppable expansion of the Wuhan coronavirus, despite the excellent reaction of the Chinese authorities. (1 year ago)

2008: September 27
China, after Russia (former USSR) and the US, becomes the third nation capable of spacewalking, after astronaut Zhai Zhigang, 41, and commander-in-chief of the Shenzhou VII mission, exits the capsule space and float with zero gravity in outer space, orbiting 343 kilometers from Earth, for 15 minutes. (13 years ago)

2008: August 8
With the record participation of 204 countries, and despite the lack of freedoms and respect for human rights, the XXVI Olympics of the Modern Era are inaugurated in Beijing (Peking, China). They will close on August 24. (13 years ago)

1999: December 20
Twelve years after an agreement was reached between China and Portugal, and after 450 years of Portuguese administration, Macao became a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. As in Hong Kong, the Basic Law of Macao will guarantee the maintenance of the capitalist economic system and will enjoy broad autonomy for at least 50 years, maintaining the judicial system established by Portugal and the Portuguese language as the official language alongside Chinese. (21 years ago)

1997: July 1
As both countries had agreed in 1984, the British colony of Hong Kong, in the hands of Great Britain since it took possession at the end of the First Opium War in 1841, returns to China. Hong Kong has been for all these years one of the largest commercial and capitalist centers between East and West. (24 years ago)

1989: October 5
The Dalai Lama, exiled leader of Tibet, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his campaign of non-violence against the Chinese domination of Tibet, which was invaded in 1950. With this campaign, the Dalai Lama, has achieved since his exile in India, let the rest of the world know about the oppression that China exerts on the Tibetan people and their religion. (32 years ago)

1989: June 4
The massacre of students in Tiananmenn Square occurs when the Chinese government orders the People's Army to recover, at all costs, the square that has been taken for seven weeks by idealistic students who demand democratic reforms. When the army reaches the square, almost a million people fill the immense esplanade blocking its entrance, which increases the tension and makes the army start the repression with blood and fire with the tanks crushing everything that stands in their way . At dusk on that fateful day, the dead will be counted by the hundreds and those arrested by the thousands. (32 years ago)

1984: August 2
China and Great Britain reach an agreement for the decolonization of Hong Kong, a colossal financial center, which will take place in 1997, at the end of the 155 years of cession that they agreed to in 1842 after the Opium War. (37 years ago)

1979: February 17
Chinese troops invade Vietnam in response to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and their approach to the Soviet Union rather than China, but will be repulsed after nine days of bloody and fierce fighting. (42 years ago)

1977: July 22
The Chinese Communist Party committee reinstates Deng Xiaoping as Deputy Prime Minister of the State Council, Vice President of the Central Committee, Vice President of the Military Commission and Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army, after being stripped of them when the Gang of Four (who led the defense of Maoism after Mao Zedong's death), blamed him for the popular uprising in Tiananmen Square in April 1976, after the death of President Zhou Enlai. Deng Xiaoping will take over the reins of China in December 1978. (44 years ago)

1976: October 11
The official end of the Cultural Revolution comes to China a few weeks after Mao's death, which occurred on the 9th of last month, when today his successor, Hua Guofeng, orders the arrest of the so-called Gang of Four, formed by Mao's widow and three of her collaborators. In 1981, the Four will be subjected to a public trial and, although the Party will admit "grave errors" by Mao while rehabilitating millions of cadres and citizens who have been purged, it will attribute almost all the responsibility of the movement to the members of the Gang, and will be charged with anti-Party activities. Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao will not admit the charges and will be sentenced to the death penalty, while Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen will show their repentance, for which their sentence will be 20 years in prison. (45 years ago)

1976: July 28
China suffers a devastating earthquake that reaches 8.2 on the Richter scale. The earthquake claims 240,000 lives. (45 years ago)

1968: July 1
Although it will not enter into force until 1970, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is signed in triplicate in London, Moscow and Washington, restricting the possession of nuclear weapons. The vast majority of the world's sovereign states will eventually become parties to this Treaty. Only the five countries, which possess nuclear weapons at the time of signature, will be allowed to possess nuclear weapons: the United States (signatory in 1968), the United Kingdom (1968), France (1992), the Soviet Union ( 1968, now Russia), and the People's Republic of China (1992). But these five Nuclearly Armed States agree not to transfer nuclear weapons technology to other countries, and the Non-Nuclearly Armed States agree not to try to develop nuclear weapons. The states of India, (53 years ago)

1967: August 8
In Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, six countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, China and Thailand) found the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) whose purpose is to accelerate economic growth and promote regional peace and stability. Eventually all the nations of Southeast Asia will unite. (54 years ago)

1959: March 17
The Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso leaves Lhasa (Tibet) at night fleeing Chinese persecution. By posing as a regular soldier for a Tibetan official, with a rifle in tow, he will succeed in crossing the border into India, where he will seek and find asylum. (62 years ago)

1959: March 10
In Tibet there is a revolt against the Chinese occupation of 1951. In Lhasa, 300,000 Tibetans surround the Potala, the palace where the Dalai Lama lives to protect him from possible murder or kidnapping. The response of the Chinese military is immediate and in the following days there will be thousands of deaths in retaliation. This revolt will conclude with the Dalai Lama's flight to India. (62 years ago)

1953: September 15
Mao's communist China is refused entry into the UN. Formosa is kept on the Security Council of this body. (68 years ago)

1953: July 27
The armistice that ends the Korean War between the United States, North Korea and China is signed in Panmunjeom. South Korea only remains as an observer member by refusing to sign the armistice, leaving the 38th parallel as the dividing line between the two Koreas, the same territorial situation that existed before the war. This conflict ends after more than three years of fighting (started on June 25, 1950) and approximately four million casualties (between dead and wounded). The economic and social damage from the Korean War is staggering. It is by no means a definitive solution, but only a temporary arrangement. For decades, the 38th parallel will continue to be a place of tension. (68 years ago)

1951: May 23
Although in October 1950, the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China occupied Tibet, it is not until today, through the signing of the "Seventeen Points" agreement, that China officially annexes Tibet as an autonomous region, giving rise to a movement for Tibetan independence led by the Dalai Lama, who will win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 for his non-violent struggle. (70 years ago)

1949: October 1
In Beijing's Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong proclaims the birth of the People's Republic of China. Right now the Kuomintang nationalists only control a few cities in the south. Mao is elected its first president. In a short time, a Constitution will come into force that will proclaim the Chinese Communist Party as the single party. Mao will rebuild the damaged Chinese economy on the model of Soviet communism. (72 years ago)

1946: January 12
On this date, the United Nations Security Council meets for the first time. At this time, 51 states are part of the UN and the Security Council is made up of 11 members. The permanent membership of the aforementioned Council will remain in the hands of the victorious allies of World War II: the United States, the USSR, France, the United Kingdom and China, the rest being non-permanent and rotating members. By virtue of an amendment dated December 17, 1963, which will enter into force on August 31, 1965, the General Assembly will increase the number of non-permanent members of the Security Council from 6 to 10. These non-permanent members will be elected by the General Assembly for a period of 2 years and may not be re-elected at the end of their mandate. (75 years ago)

1942: April 26
During the Japanese occupation of Chinese Manchuria, at the Benxihu coal mine (Honkeiko for the Japanese), where working and safety conditions are deplorable, 1,549 miners are killed in a gas explosion. (79 years ago)

1937: December 13
In the context of the Chinese-Japanese War, the city of Nanking (China) surrenders to the Japanese forces and the Chinese government is forced to flee the capital. The Japanese general Matsui Iwane, orders the destruction of Nanking by setting fire to the city and committing real atrocities against the civilian population. This regrettable episode will go down in history as the "rape of Nanking", one of the most heinous crimes against humanity ever recorded, killing no less than 300,000 civilians in a disgusting manner: beheading them, piercing them with bayonets, dismembering them , burning them, burying them alive, shooting them, crushing them with tanks, raping thousands of women and girls who have previously been abused and subjected to the most atrocious atrocities that the darkest misery of the human soul has ever devised. At the end of World War II, General Matsui will be found guilty of all war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and will be executed. (84 years ago)

1937: July 7
On the outskirts of Beijing (China), near the Marco Polo Bridge, Chinese and Japanese troops clash, marking the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. (84 years ago)

1936: December 12
The so-called "Sian incident" takes place when Chang Hsueh-liang kidnaps the Chinese nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek, forcing him to end the civil war against the Communists to form an alliance against the Japanese invaders. This action will make Chang a national hero. Later, Chang will surrender to then-President Chiang Kai-shek, thinking that showing repentance they would only apply a symbolic penalty, but, nevertheless, he will suffer as punishment to spend the remaining years of his life under house arrest, until 1991 when he will be placed in Liberty. He will die in 2001 in his retirement on the island of Hawaii, at the age of 101. (85 years ago)

1934: October 16
90,000 Chinese communists flee the siege to which they are subjected by Chiang Kaishek in Jiangxi province, this being the origin of the "Long March". Only 20,000 will reach Yenan, including Mao Tse Tung. They will have sown the seeds of final victory. (87 years ago)

1932: March 9
Henry Pu Yi, who was the last emperor of China during the period from 1908 to 1912, became Regent, puppet of the Japanese state Manchukuo, serving as such until his capture by Soviet troops at the end of World War II. In 1950, Pu Yi will return to China where he will be imprisoned until amnesty by the revolutionary leader Mao Zedong in 1959. After his release, he will work as a gardener and librarian in Beijing. He will pass away in 1967. (89 years ago)

1931: September 18
Under the pretext of an explosion on the railway line, Japan invades Manchuria (China), an area rich in minerals and abundant raw materials, declaring it, in February 1932, as an independent nation with the name of Manchukuo and establishing a puppet regime to make it governed according to the imperialist interests of Japan. (90 years ago)

1931: August 31
In China, the waters of the Yangtze River, the longest in Asia with an approximate length of 6,300 km, and the third longest in the world, after the Nile and the Amazon, flood most of the Kuang region, causing the direct death of 145,000 people. The tragedy does not end here, almost three million more will die in the coming months from hunger and infectious diseases such as cholera. (90 years ago)

1929: May 7
The nationalist Chiang Kai Chek becomes president of the Supreme Central Council of the ROC. (92 years ago)

1928: October 6
Chang Kaichek is proclaimed president of the Republic of China. (93 years ago)

1912: February 12
Puyi, the last emperor of China, is forced to abdicate by Yuan Shikai, promoter of the republican revolution together with Sun Yat-sen. (109 years ago)

1911: October 10
The Republican Revolution begins in China led by Sun Yat Sen, founder of the nationalist Kuomintang party, who will later be forced to cede the presidency to Yuan Shinkay, who in turn will force Emperor Puyi to abdicate on February 12, 1912, with which the Manchu dynasty definitively lost the throne of China, marking the end of imperial China and giving way to the birth of the Republic of China. (110 years ago)

1900: August 4
An expeditionary force of all powers ends with the siege of the "55 days in Beijing". The Chinese government is obliged to compensate the affected countries. The balance of the 55 days of rebellion: 231 foreigners and a good number of Chinese Christians killed. (121 years ago)

1900: June 20
Chinese nationalists (boxers, a secret society called Yi HeTuan, "Fists of Justice and Concord") rebel in Beijing against economic and political interference by European powers and surround Western embassies for 55 days. In October the rebellion will be put down. (121 years ago)

1898: June 11
After the supposed withdrawal of Empress Dowager Cixi, who has been guarding her reign, the Chinese emperor of the Qing dynasty, Guangxu, issued his first reformist decree initiating the so-called "Hundred Days of the Reformation", an imperial attempt to renew the Chinese state and the social and legislative system, with the help of the most progressive, such as Qing Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. (123 years ago)

1860: October 18
British troops occupying Beijing (China) loot and burn the "Yuanmingyuan", the fabulous summer residence built by the emperors of Manchuria during the 18th century. In 1870, the Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi began its reconstruction but in 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, the palace was burned down again by Western troops. In the 1950s, the communist government will rebuild it. (161 years ago)

1842: August 29
In China the Treaty of Nankin is signed, putting an end to the Opium War between Great Britain and China that began 3 years earlier. Among other concessions, the Chinese give up Hong Kong. (179 years ago)

1839: August 23
The United Kingdom captures Hong Kong as a military base by initiating a blockade on the Zhu Jiang River to prevent the passage of ships as it prepares for war against the Qing dynasty of China. The conflict that will conclude with the British victory in August 1842, and by means of the Nanjing treaty will collect millionaire economic sanctions and the cession of the island of Hong Kong to Queen Victoria in perpetuity, will be known as the First Opium War. (182 years ago)

1839: March 10
Lin Zexu, high imperial commissioner in Canton (China) forces foreigners to hand over to the Chinese authorities all the opium they possess. More than 20,000 boxes are seized and are immediately thrown into the sea. The British government responds with war and will send a naval expedition. The Opium War has just begun. In August 1842, with the signing of the Nankin Treaty, and the cession of Hong Kong to the British, this conflict will be considered over. (182 years ago)

1644: June 6
The Manchu forces of the Qing Dynasty led by Emperor Shunzhi, captured the city of Peking during the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. This Manchu dynasty will rule and establish the capital of its empire in this city until the abdication in 1912 of the last emperor, Pu-Yi, as a result of the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China, which will be the last of the Chinese imperial dynasties that have been ruling the country for at least 4,000 years. (377 years ago)

1644: May 25
Ming General Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the Manchu invaders and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan, allowing the Manchu to pass on their march to the capital Beijing. This will play a decisive role in the fall of the Ming dynasty and the establishment this year of the Qing dynasty, which will reign until 1912 and will be the last of the imperial dynasties. (377 years ago)

1556: January 24
In the vicinity of Mount Hua, in the Shensi province of China, a terrible earthquake occurs in which, according to the chronicles, 830,000 people die. Many houses are in man-made caves that have collapsed. For a long time it will be the highest number of victims in this class of catastrophes. (465 years ago)

1279: March 19
End of the Chinese Song Dynasty when its army was defeated in the Naval Battle of Yamen (in the Pearl River Delta, China) by Mongol troops under the command of General Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Dynasty who, despite being very inferior in number of ships and soldiers, he gains an overwhelming tactical and strategic victory. There are tens of thousands of deaths, the majority belonging to the losing side. The Mongol domination of China under this dynasty will last until 1368, when the new Chinese Ming dynasty is founded, which will expel the Mongols to the northern lands. (742 years ago)

907: May 12
The Chinese emperor Ai Di is deposed by the army of Zhu Wen, leader of the peasant insurrection, putting an end to the Tang dynasty after 289 years of rule and 21 emperors, in which China remained united becoming a political model and cultural center from East Asia. (1114 years ago)

690: October 16
In China, Empress Wu Zetian ascends the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims the new Zhou dynasty and assumes the name "Emperor". In this way she is the first and only woman to occupy the imperial throne in the entire history of China. It will make Buddhism the official religion. (1331 years ago)

626: September 4Li Shimin, known posthumously as Emperor Taizong, assumed the throne during China's Tang Dynasty, which he held until his death in July 649. (1,395 years ago)

621: May 28
In China, near the Hulao Pass in present-day Henan Province, the Battle of Hulao takes place, in which Li Shimin, son of the Chinese Emperor Gao Zu, defeats Dou Jiande's forces, which are doubled in number. This victory will decide the outcome of the civil war and will mark the fall of the Sui dynasty in favor of the Tang dynasty. (1400 years ago)

23: 6 October
In China, and two days after looting the capital Chang'an (now Xi'an) during the peasant rebellion, a group of rebels beheaded Wang Mang, emperor of the Xin dynasty who tries to defend his palace and who rules dictatorially since 1 BC. (1998 years ago)

Outstanding births in China
1906: February 7
In the forbidden city of Beijing, China, Puyi was born who will be the last emperor to reign over this vast country. He will do it from 1908, with only two years, until the abolition of the Chinese monarchy in 1912. In order to deceive the Society of Nations, between 1934 and 1945 he will be imposed by the Japanese invaders as Emperor of Manchukuo, being only a puppet with very limited powers. Once the People's Republic of China is established, he will earn his living as a gardener and later as a historical worker at the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. (115 years ago)

1893: December 26
Born in Shaoshan (Hunan, China) Mao Zedong, who will be a Chinese statesman, chairman of the Communist Party of China, main founder of the People's Republic of China and top leader from its creation in 1949 until his death in 1976. (127 years ago)

1638: March 15
In present-day Shenyang, China, the one who will be the second emperor of the Qing dynasty, the last Chinese imperial dynasty, of Manchu origin, Shunzhi, is born. (383 years ago)

1507: September 16
In China, Jiajing was born, who will be the eleventh emperor of the Ming dynasty, between 1521 and 1567. During his reign there will be a certain political stability although he will have to face incursions from abroad by Mongols and Japanese. He will be a fervent Taoist. (514 years ago)

1048: May 25
Song Shenzong was born in China, who will be the sixth emperor of the Song dynasty and will reign from 1067 until his death in 1085. At this time, political and social reforms will be implemented aimed at solving the serious problems that his Empire has inherited and improving the conditions of life of the peasantry on low-interest loans. Upon his death, his son Song Zhezong will succeed him. (973 years ago)

551BC: September 28
This date is traditionally marked as the birth date in the village of Qufu of one of the most influential figures in Chinese history, the philosopher and creator of Confucianism Kongzi, better known in the West as Confucius. (2572 years ago)

Reported deaths in China
1997: February 19
Deng Xiaoping, a Chinese politician and leader of the People's Republic of China, who introduced major economic reforms for his country in 1978, dies in Beijing (China). (24 years ago)

1976: September 9
The chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, dies at the age of 82. He was the beloved idol of 800 million Chinese. After his death, Deng Xiaoping will emerge as the leader of China. (45 years ago)

1975: April 5
Chiang Kai-shek, a Chinese military man and statesman who ruled Taiwan in an authoritarian way from 1949 until his death, dies in Taipei, the island of Taiwan, being succeeded by his son Chiang Ching-kuo. He never resigned himself to the fact that his exile would be permanent and he always hoped that communism would eventually fall, so that, under his leadership, the ROC would reconquer the People's Republic of China. (46 years ago)

1644: April 25
In China, during a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng, fueled by famine, unemployment and corruption in the public administration, the 16th Ming Dynasty Emperor Chongzhen commits suicide by hanging himself after ordering the royal family to do the same. , except for two of his sons whom he helps to escape the Manchu invasion that from the north has been strengthened by the popular peasant uprisings. In this way, the Ming dynasty was put to an end. (377 years ago)

1294: February 18
Kublai Kan, a Mongolian by birth, who conquered most of China in 1258 and became king of the country, dies in Beijing (China). In 1260, when his brother Mongke Khan died, he was also appointed Great Khan of the Mongols. In 1271 he became the first Chinese emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. During this period he was visited by the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who became one of his political advisers. He tried to invade Japan twice (1274 and 1281), and both times the fleet was destroyed due to bad weather conditions. During his reign, communications were greatly improved and the trade routes of Central Asia were made more secure, which facilitated the movement of goods from the West to the East. He was the grandson of Genghis Khan. (727 years ago)

1063: April 30
The emperor of the Song dynasty, Renzong, who has been in power since 1022, dies in China. This dynasty has maintained a pacifist policy in the exercise of power, something that was taken advantage of by the western Xia empire. Despite this, he used diplomacy to ally himself with them in 1043, thus ensuring the integrity and stability of his empire. During his reign he managed to keep the peace, flourished the culture and reaped a significant economic improvement. When his sons died prematurely, he named Yingzong, Taizu's great-grandson, founder of the Song Empire, as his successor. (958 years ago)