8 Surprising Benefits of Cold

That frigid air that you curse all winter might just turn out to be a blessing for your body! Discover the many health benefits of cold.

It improves mood
Very cold weather is often bright and high pressure. This light is good for morale. It promotes the secretion of serotonin, the "happiness hormone". Natural light is also good for fighting fatigue. This is one of the ways to recharge your batteries in winter.

Cold is good for blood circulation
The cold shower wakes you up in the morning. Above all, by promoting the contraction of blood vessels, it improves venous circulation. The cells of the legs are better nourished and the wastes are well drained. For those who dread the cold, start the shower with cold water on the legs and only increase the heat for the upper body.

It mobilizes the right fat
Accumulating too much regular ("white") fat is bad for your health, but so-called "brown" fat is beneficial. It helps in particular to regulate body temperature. Two studies published respectively in 2012 by the University of Sherbrooke and in 2014 by the Australian doctor Paul Lee show that, under the effect of the cold, brown fat is activated and burns more calories.

It relieves allergies
If you sneeze in the spring or summer, winter might be your favorite season. The air pollen count is almost zero during this season. On the other hand, in cold weather, we tend to seal ourselves in the home, so reactions to household allergens can worsen. To reduce the growth of mold and dust mites, use a dehumidifier. And remember to ventilate every day, even if it is cold.

It promotes sleep
The body needs freshness to fall asleep; its temperature drops when you doze off. This is one of the reasons why we usually sleep so well in winter. And since the night stretches longer in the morning, we naturally wake up later.

It fights infections
The cold stimulates the immune system and therefore helps fight infections. So why is the flu so prevalent in winter? Because we stay inside too much! Promiscuity promotes the spread of the influenza virus. To reduce this risk, get vaccinated, wash your hands often, and get outdoors. If you're sick, try these essential oils for cold and flu relief.

It strengthens the heart
Training in the cold is great: the heart muscle gets stronger as you work harder to circulate blood and stabilize body temperature. However, if your heart is fragile, be careful: the extra effort could be dangerous.

It treats pain and inflammation
This is why physiotherapists use cold to relieve painful joints. Recently, cryotherapy has been in vogue. It subjects the whole body to intense cold for a very short time. Initially used for high level athletes, this method is now available to treat many ailments: rheumatism, muscle pain, insomnia, fatigue, stress.

If dream interpretation fascinates you, you are probably looking for the meaning of the dream you had last night. We bet it doesn't have the meaning you gave it at all.

What meaning can this dream have?
During the day you live a very normal life, but at night your dreams can be filled with fantastic flights, wanderings in strange houses, and chases.

Experts say these whimsical dream themes can say a lot about your real life. “In mental health, most of us today take an eclectic, or inclusive, approach to helping our clients interpret their dreams, using many techniques rather than relying solely on the symbols, says Arlene B. Englander, clinical social worker. However, some dreams that tend to be reported frequently may highlight issues the client is trying to resolve on a subconscious or preconscious level.

You look in vain for a bathroom
It's a common dream among women, according to astrologer Elisa Robyn. “It usually happens when you have too much to deal with and can't let go,” she says. This dream is especially common among women who have children and elderly parents.

Your teeth start to fall out
For Jungian therapist Cathy Lynn Pagano, this dream signifies an inability to digest what is going on in our lives. “Teeth are at the very beginning of the digestion process and when they fall out it means that the tools we usually have to understand and integrate what is going on in our life are no longer available or usable,” she says.

You are lost in a house
“It happens when you can't put a clear direction in your life,” says fourth-generation psychic Linda Lauren. You are looking for an answer in empty rooms. "

You are naked
“Usually it's when you feel vulnerable and unprepared or not up to a task,” says Elisa Robyn. But sometimes it can also mean a feeling of freedom and a new beginning. It depends on what is going on in the dream. ”

You are in the house of your childhood
How do you feel in this dream? This is perhaps the key to its interpretation. “The emotions that this triggers may be linked to those you had then, and which are recurrent today,” explains Arlene Englander. It can be very useful to explore this avenue. ”

You are being chased
“You're running from something you should face,” said Linda Lauren. Many people have this dream because they feel persecuted by someone or because they are running away from something that they should reveal. This dream betrays a fear of exposing oneself. ”

You are late or you miss a plane, an appointment, a meeting
Elisa Robyn explains that we often have these dreams when we have to get up early to catch a plane, for example. “It can also mean we're worried about an event, how it might turn, or even wondering if we should be there,” she says.

Your car breaks down
For Cathy Lynn Pagano, this indicates a change of course. “Our cars take us to our destination. When we dream of them breaking down, it may mean that we need to correct the way we achieve our goals, she says. But first check if your car needs repair! ”

Do you dream that you are falling (or really falling out of your bed during your dream)
This can happen during a lucid dreaming (when you take some control over the dreaming and are aware that you are dreaming), Linda Lauren says. “Lucid dreaming makes us feel like we're detached from everything, which causes this feeling of falling,” she says. Basically you have this dream when everything is going too fast, when you don't feel safe. ”

You dream of someone who has done you a lot of harm
“Trauma survivors may dream of their abusers and initially feel helpless. Over time, they can become stronger and stronger and able to defend themselves, says Arlene Englander. It may reflect their improved state of mind and self-esteem as they progress through therapy. ”

You are at school for an exam for which you are not prepared
“Dreams like this happen when something we have to do makes us anxious - about our performance,” says Cathy Lynn Pagano. We feel like we are unprepared for a task or an interview and it catches us off guard. ”

You frequent different places full of weird people and events
Elisa Robyn calls these dreams without context “wild dreams”. “They arise when we try to integrate the many aspects of our life, or on the contrary when we are unable to do so,” she says.

You fly
“Flying is a very positive dream,” says Linda Lauren. “It means you are achieving your goals. You accomplish things that lead to success. Everything is open to you. It is really a good thing to dream of flying. ”

You dream of death
“While these dreams can be scary, they usually signify the end of something, a new beginning,” says Elisa Robyn.

You dream of the death of a particular person
To dream of someone you know dying is sometimes a premonition, says Elisa Robyn. But it can also have a lighter meaning, according to Linda Lauren. “It lets you know that you have information that could help someone improve their life,” she says. It is not necessarily a premonition. People see death as something negative, but in dreams it is not. ”

You don't wear shoes
To dream of going on a mop without shoes can lead to an interesting interpretation. “It's mostly a question of leadership,” says Linda Lauren. It says that you are not ready to take the direction you want to take. ”

There is a tornado
It's such a common dream that Certified Dream Analyst Lauri Quinn Loewenberg has clients who dream of tornadoes once a week. It is mostly women who have this type of dream. “Dreaming about a tornado is very common among people who are worried,” she says. The weather phenomenon will reflect your emotions at the time of the dream. Tornadoes represent anxiety and worry out of control. Like the tornado, these emotions are a destructive force. ”

You are pregnant
According to Linda Lauren, to dream of having a baby takes on a different meaning depending on whether you are married or not. “If you're not, that's a wish,” she said. If you are, that could mean it's something you fear. ”

You're in a car out of control
To interpret this dream, pay attention to the person behind the wheel, advises Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. “If this is you, the dream is related to a situation you are trying to get control of. What are you trying to control at this time? What thing are you trying to sway direction from and fail to do? "

You travel
To dream of traveling by plane, train or car holds a lot of meaning, says Linda Lauren. “It reveals a desire for movement in your life,” she observes. It could be unfavorable in many ways. ”

You have a good time with an ex
This means you can't stop thinking about your ex… but it's not necessarily mutual. “That doesn't mean the person wants you to come back at all,” warns Linda Lauren. But rather that you're obsessed with that person you dated and just can't seem to get over it. ”

You argue with an ex
Dreams of arguing with someone you've been in a relationship with are quite different from dreams that bring you back to happier times, says Linda Lauren. “It's an indication that you haven't addressed a situation where you thought you were at fault and you haven't apologized for it,” she says. The arguments are generally related to our regrets. ”

You meet a celebrity
To interpret a dream of meeting a celebrity, Lauri Quinn Loewenberg says it's important to understand what this celebrity conjures up in the dreamer's mind. “The message that this dream conveys may be in the title of a song by this celebrity or maybe in the lyrics she says or in a character she plays,” she says. There is something that your subconscious recognizes that is relevant to you and your life at this time. ”

You dream of sex
“This reflects a problem of isolation, thinks Linda Lauren. In people who are alone, this could mean that they need to socialize more in real life. ”

You have nightmares
What interpretation should we give to the fact of constantly having nightmares, even if they change the theme from time to time? “If they are very common, nightmares reveal a deep fear that we want to face or that we are freeing ourselves from,” says Elisa Robyn.

Your partner is cheating on you
If your partner has ever cheated on you in reality, Lauri Quinn Loewenberg says this indicates that there is still mistrust. But the meaning of this dream is different if it never happened. Many people dream for no reason that their partner is cheating on them, and that can say a lot about their relationship.

"If the dream of cheating is not based on anything real, it is because there is an intruder in the relationship and it is not another person," says Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. It's usually something else (work, newborn, video game), something that steals time and attention from the relationship, which you perceive as infidelity. These dreams are good for you because they highlight a problem that you need to fix. ”

There is water in your dreams
“Every time you dream of water it's emotional,” says Linda Lauren. It's related to something that is changing in your life. You don't know if it's good or bad, but it will affect your emotions. ”

You have sex with someone you shouldn't
Have you dreamed that you were sleeping with your boyfriend's boyfriend or your coworker's girlfriend? According to the interpretation of dreams, this does not mean that you secretly want to sleep with them, observes Lauri Quinn Loewenberg.

“It's important to remember that dreams are symbolic,” she says. Don't take them too literally. Sex in a dream doesn't mean that you need a physical relationship, but rather a psychological one. What qualities do you find impressive about this person that you could incorporate into your life? "

You keep a secret
To dream that you are keeping a secret which does not concern you in real life is however reflected here again in your reality.

“Maybe this is something you don't want other people to know about you,” says Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. Perhaps you have a low opinion of yourself, or are you insecure? Maybe this is a personal point of view that you don't want to reveal in front of others. If you have a dream like this, ask yourself what you don't want people to know about you. ”

You have been unfaithful
Like dreams that your partner is cheating on you, dreams of infidelity say something about your relationship. “Your subconscious is trying to make you understand something,” says Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. And you know you are spending too much time and energy on it, time and energy that your marriage does not enjoy. "

You discover a secret room
“This dream indicates aspects of your personality that are not yet revealed or exploited,” says social worker Annette Poizner. Perhaps the person who has always hated politics suddenly has an all-consuming passion for the subject, or a pure intellectual of a certain age discovers an interest in exercise. You may be on the threshold of discovering new ways of doing things, broadening your horizons and your interests. Take a look at what's in this secret room to see what that potential might look like.
You meet aliens
"Meeting aliens is the classic 'shadow dream' - what is most 'foreign' to us is ourselves, our higher selves, or the part of ourselves that we have repressed, says Kelly Sullivan. Walden, dream specialist. Dreams of aliens reveal our deep fears of rejection, loneliness and alienation. Maybe you are afraid to expose your real self for fear that you will be found weird. If your dream is in space, it may mean opening yourself to a universal perspective beyond ordinary earthly life, tapping into unexplored solutions. If you learn to harness these dreams and not be so afraid, you can take on a higher outlook that will help you meet your earthly challenges. ”

An intruder breaks into your home
“This intruder symbolizes some kind of negative element that has interfered with your routine or your peace of mind,” explains Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. Ask yourself what has changed in your ways and invaded your thoughts, and you will understand what your intruder represents. ”

You lost or forgot your child
There would be two ways to interpret this dream, Kelly Sullivan Walden tells us. New parents can have it as they prepare to raise their child, but it can also symbolize a creative project that you should take extra care of. “This dream draws our attention to the fact that we have to take care of the child in our life, but also on our own 'childish' side,” she said.

Try to think about new plans in your life and the best way to take care of yourself as you go through this transition, she suggests.

You broke your phone, TV or computer
“This type of dream usually highlights an issue you have with someone who matters in your life,” says Kelly Sullivan Walden. I believe this dream is trying to help you solve your problems by approaching them in a more intuitive, compassionate way. These dreams can be frustrating, but I believe they have a very positive purpose. They alert us to the fact that there is a problem in the way we communicate and inspire us to become creative, resilient and resourceful in the way we reach people. ”

You meet an attractive stranger
“It's what I call the 'mysterious lover's dream', says Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. A stranger in a dream symbolizes a part of you. " For example, if you had a dream about an unknown man, it may represent traditionally masculine qualities that you want to channel into your actions.

You are the victim of a plane crash
Airplanes normally symbolize something to be strived for when it comes to interpreting dreams, says Kelly Sullivan Walden. To dream of a plane crash may signify that you are worried that you have failed to achieve a goal of yours.

"These dreams can be a helping hand to take your ego off and weigh you down so that you are lighter and less burdened," she explains. When our dream plane crashes, it could mean that we are just not ready to make our dreams take off yet, or that we need to mourn a dream that did not come true. You end up on the ground long enough to prepare yourself better, so that your next experience at the gate of life is ready for take off.

You are going for a great vacation
There are two ways to interpret this dream, says Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. You're upset about something and you need a break, or you just need a vacation.

You make an important discovery
Pay attention! Many great personalities have found inspiration for their biggest ideas in their dreams, says Kelly Sullivan Walden.

You are unable to move or speak
If this is happening in your dream thread, it could be related to something going on in your life that is not moving fast enough, says Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. But if it happens when you are more lucid, it could be a sign of sleep paralysis.

You have glass in your mouth
According to Kelly Sullivan Walden, these dreams point to a communication problem.

“Since glass is both fragile and can cut and hurt when it breaks, I believe that when we dream that we have glass in our mouth, it means that we may be angry, hurt, or fear that our words will hurt someone if we express them, ”says the specialist.

Ultimately, it's a message that prompts us to learn to express our negative feelings (by journaling, shouting into a pillow, or sharing with a trusted friend or advisor) and finding a more constructive way. to express our emotions and our needs.

You are living through an apocalypse
Violence in dreams can indicate anger, says psychotherapist Annette Poizner. It is also a common motif in the dreams of people who are trying to become more confident and stronger.

“Imagine a once inhibited person who has changed, who has become more tolerant of the manifestation of anger rather than its repression,” she says. This person, thinking back to the inhibitions of yesterday, may experience violent dreams when they come into contact with their own aggressive energy. This does not mean that she is going to become violent, but rather that she realizes this powerful energy within her, the need to give her special treatment. This energy is disturbing at first glance, but it constitutes an important resource when the old blockages have been blown. ”

You meet someone who died in real life
“Psychologically speaking, a dead person showing up in your dream is going to symbolize an aspect of your own personality,” says Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. For example, if your late mother appears in your dreams, she may symbolize your own role as a mother or, if you don't have children, your caring and nurturing side.

You appear in a movie or television show
Annette Poizner says it comes into play on your ability to become more involved in the world around us, socially and emotionally, whether that is by getting involved in an organization or playing a public role.

"It can be the dream of the introvert who is about to develop more outgoing tendencies, or the person who has lived a life of withdrawal and is preparing to step into the limelight," she says. But while the secret chamber asks to look inside, this dream instead invites you to come out of your shell.

You're stuck, crushed
Annette Poizner says this dream might indicate external pressures like work or a relationship or your own inner tendencies manifested as physical symptoms of stress that are similar to those you experience when you are crushed. This can be accompanied by physical manifestations such as muscle tension and cramps.

You drown
“Water is often a symbol of excess, especially in dreams. It is associated with sensual pleasures or feelings that dominate the personality or other forms of excess or complacency, says Annette Poizner. The dream may indicate that we have lost control of our personal situation and are on the verge of chaos. ”

You dream of a snake
The dreamlike interpretation of the serpent depends on whether it is hostile or friendly, according to Shamanic energy specialist Brittney Marie. To dream of a snake often symbolizes our desire to let go of the old, to free ourselves from the past, ”she says.

You wear a mask or someone else is wearing it
According to dreamdictionary.org , this means that you are trying to hide something. If you are the one wearing the mask, it may indicate that you are unhappy with the way you look. If someone else is wearing it, it could mean that there are powerful and deceptive forces around you.

You return to the school benches
Many people dream of going back to school, whether it's to take an exam they didn't study for or to search for their record. Lauri Quinn Loewenberg says most people dream of going back to high school where people feel more pressure and have less control over their situation than in other school settings. “It's very common and the reason is most of the time it's related to some kind of stress in your career and in your dream,” she says. In the dream, the fear, stress and anxiety can be directly related to real life. ”

You see birds
Dreamdictionary.org explains that there are several interpretations of dream depending on the number and type of bird. A flight can mean freedom, blackbirds good or bad news, and a red bird can show an open heart.

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Austria: Vienna Opera Dance canceled due to pandemic

For the second year in a row, the Vienna Opera Dance is canceled due to the outbreak of the pandemic and while the extension of the lockdown in the country is being considered.

The Austrian government recently announced its decision to cancel the Vienna Opera Dance for the second year in a row, due to the evolution of the pandemic.

"It would be irresponsible and would send the wrong message," said Undersecretary of State for Culture Andrea Meyer. The Dance was scheduled for February 24, 2022.

The general lockdown in Austria ends on December 12, while will continue for the unvaccinated . The government is also planning mandatory vaccinations for all citizens over the age of 14, from 1 February.

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Simple Facts About Russia

Hall of Russia is in Europe and halfs in Asia. Russia is by far the largest country in the world.

Climate of Russia
Because Russia is so large, the cimate varies greatiy, There are deserts, frozen coasts, marshes and plains.

Plants & Animals of Russia
Russia S home to many rare animals Such as polar bears snow leopards and but tis est know for e siberien tiger.

Sports& Recreation of Russia
Russians enjov playing soccer and hockey. Individual Olympic Sports are a'so very mportant especially gymnastics, skiing and skating.

Culture of Russia
Chess is important part of the Russian culture. Chidren begin learning in Kindergarten and begin competing by age ten. Russíans ove ballet and are known for elaborate choreography and stages.

Arts & Crafts of Russia Russia is famous for its nesting dols which are paint wooden figures that fit one inside the other.

Outstanding Facts About Russia

2022: February 24
At dawn, Russian President Vladimir Putin announces a "special military operation" in Donbas. In this way, and after months of tension in the area, Russia attacks military targets in Ukraine. (less than a year ago)

2004: March 14
In Russia, Vladimir Putin, a former KGB officer and president of the country since 1999 after the resignation of Boris Yeltsin, is overwhelmingly re-elected for a second term as president. He will rule authoritatively. (17 years ago)

1996: November 23
In Russia, Aslán Maskhadov, a Chechen general, signs in Moscow, together with Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, an agreement to initiate détente in Chechnya, which will lead Russian President Boris Yeltsin to order the withdrawal of federal troops remaining in Chechnya , after a war that began on December 11, 1994 and has already caused between 80,000 and 100,000 deaths. With Maskhadov achieving this victory over the Soviets, he will be the first democratic leader of his republic. In 1999 and after some Chechen attacks in Russia to extend the war, the second Russian invasion will take place, eager to make up for the defeat of 1996. On March 8, 2005, in the town of Tosltoi-Yurt, on the outskirts of Grozny, (25 years ago)

1994: December 11
Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops invade Chechnya with two columns of tanks, starting the Chechen War, in what at first appears as a military parade for the Russians. The war will not go according to plan and will last until Russia, subjected to internal pressure due to the casualties of its troops, and external pressure due to the brutality of the means used, signs on August 25, 1996 in Khasavyurt (Dagestan), a truce agreement between General Aleksandr Lébed, Russian President Boris Yeltsin's envoy, and the person in charge of the Chechen negotiations, Aslán Masjádov. On May 12, 1997, the Russian Federation and Chechnya will sign a final peace agreement. (27 years ago)

1993: January 3
The Russian and North American presidents, Boris Yeltsin and George HW Bush, sign the START II Treaty initiating nuclear disarmament. (29 years ago)

1991: November 7
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) is banned in Russia. In 1993, 500,000 militants will found the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which will have to be legalized. Following the dismemberment of the USSR, other influential communist parties will form in various former Soviet republics. (30 years ago)

1991: June 12
After the disappearance of the USSR, Boris Yeltsin is elected as the first president of Russia, being the first directly elected by the people in the history of his country. His mandate will be marked by corruption, economic collapse and the war in Chechnya. (30 years ago)

1922: December 30
In Moscow, Russia, the Congress of Soviets meets and unanimously approves the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, a federal socialist state made up of fifteen republics. After sixty-nine years of existence, it will finally be dissolved on December 31, 1991. (99 years ago)

1918: February 14
The Soviet Government establishes in Russia the Gregorian calendar instead of the Julian. (104 years ago)

1917: November 7
In Russia, a coup against the tsarist regime puts Lenin in power. The catastrophic military failure in World War I has left Russia in unfortunate economic conditions, which has served as a breeding ground for the revolution to have had an easy birth. Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate on March 15, and a totally incompetent provisional government was established in his place. Lenin will govern the Soviet Union until his death in 1924. He will be succeeded by the dictator, megalomaniac and genocidal Joseph Stalin. (104 years ago)

1917: April 16
With the country plunged into chaos due to World War I and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin arrives in Petrograd (Russia) from his exile in Switzerland to take control of the revolution. Although first exiled in Siberia and later fled to Europe due to his political and revolutionary activities, Lenin managed to strengthen the Bolshevik Party through his writings and his fluent oratory. Seven months after his return, and under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolsheviks seize power. Lenin would oversee the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and lead the country until his death in January 1924, after being treated for syphilis the previous year. (104 years ago)

1917: March 15
In Russia, during the first phase of the revolution, Czar Nicholas II is forced to abdicate, thus ending the Romanov dynasty and the monarchy. A few days later, Nicholas II and his family will be taken prisoner. The following year, on July 17, they will be shot along with some servants, the family doctor and the child's dog. (104 years ago)

1916: October 5
Although the main route of the Trans-Siberian railway was inaugurated on July 21, 1904, today the bridge over the Amur River opens, finally linking Moscow with Vladivostok through 9,288 km of railway line, the longest in the world. This solves the serious isolation of Siberia. It crosses eight time zones in a trip that lasts about 7 days. Other branches to China and North Korea will be added later. (105 years ago)

1914: August 1
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia, transforming the conflict between Austro-Hungarians and Serbs into a military confrontation on a European scale, starting the devastating First World War. (107 years ago)

1908: June 30
Near the Podkamennaya Tunguska river in central Siberia, a huge airburst occurs, presumably caused by a comet fragment formed by ice, which, when bursting in the Earth's atmosphere, destroys about 2,000 km 2 of pine forests. (113 years ago)

1905: October 26
Elections to the Soviet of Workers' Deputies are held in all factories and industrial enterprises of St. Petersburg. In the evening, the first session of the soviet takes place. Soon after, the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies will be organized. (116 years ago)

1905: September 5
In the USA, the "Treaty of Portsmouth" is signed, ending the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, ending with the defeat of Moscow, through which Japan is granted the southern half of the island of Sakhalin and leased the Liaodong peninsula and the Russian railway system in southern Manchuria, expanding its area of influence in Asia. (116 years ago)

1905: June 15
In the Black Sea, in front of the city of Odessa (Russia), which is in a state of emergency, the battleship Potemkim flies the red flag, the seed of the revolution that will bear fruit 12 years later. (116 years ago)

1905: January 22
In St. Petersburg (Russia) the so-called "Bloody Sunday" takes place when hundreds of workers and their families die in a peaceful march to deliver to the Tsar a request for labor improvements, which does not respond to any political slogan. The march is savagely suppressed by foot soldiers and Cossack troops. The Tsar has previously left the city fearing for his safety. The bloody repression will cause a wave of protests throughout Russia: the definitive divorce between the Tsar and the mass of peasants and workers will have been consummated. (117 years ago)

1894: May 26
Nicholas II, who will be the last Tsar, is crowned in Russia. Nicholas, who does not want to be Tsar nor has he been prepared for it, will not turn out to be a good regent. He will dedicate himself to maintaining an ironclad autocracy in a time of change. After a series of fiascoes in the Russo-Japanese War and during World War I, he will finally be dismissed and arrested in 1917. During the Russian Revolution, on the night of July 16, 1918, an order will be issued for the execution of Nicholas, his wife, children and several servants, as the Bolsheviks thought that the counterrevolutionary forces might try to rescue them. (127 years ago)

1875: May 7
In exchange for 18 of the Kuril Islands, Japan cedes the island of southern Sakhalin to Russia. (146 years ago)

1869: March 6
In St. Petersburg (Russia), the chemist Dmitri Mendeleev presents a first version of his periodic table of elements to the Russian Chemical Society. It is the first consistent table of the similarities of the chemical elements, according to their atomic masses. It lists the 63 elements known at that time in increasing order of atomic weight. (152 years ago)

1867: March 30
Russia, tired of the problems caused by the unproductive territory of Alaska, impossible to colonize due to its inclement weather, decides to sell it to the United States for the modest amount of 7,200,000 dollars in gold. In this way, she avoids justifying military spending in defending the sovereignty of a land that the majority of the Russian population sees as wasteland, and that, probably, they would have had to defend when the Canadians became independent from the English. (154 years ago)

1861: March 3
In Russia Alexander II abolishes serfdom, something that affects more than 40 million peasants; but the "mir" system (rural community that owns the land it works, but is collectively responsible for taxes) will endure. (160 years ago)

1860: May 31
In Russia, the Imperial Russian Bank is founded, which, at the end of the 19th century, will become the Central Bank of Russia. (161 years ago)

1858: July 2
In Russia, Tsar Alexander II, who after his failure in the Crimea is planning great reforms, grants emancipation to the serfs of the empire. (163 years ago)

1854: September 20
During the Crimean War, the British and French forces, determined to close off the Russians from passing through the straits that leave the route to India open, defeat the Russians in the Battle of Alma (Russia, along the river of the same name which empties into the Black Sea), a strategic victory that leaves the Russian naval base in Sevastopol vulnerable and puts any Russian position in jeopardy. In it, 240,000 combatants of both sides die. Sevastopol will fall a year later. (167 years ago)

1854: March 27
France and the United Kingdom, as allies of Turkey for the maintenance of the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and fearful of tsarist expansionism, declare war on Russia, which gives rise to the Crimean War. The war will end with the signing of the Peace of Paris on March 30, 1856, which will mean the isolation of Austria, the hegemony of France and the end of the strongly conservative policy of Tsar Nicholas I. (167 years ago)

1833: May 2
In Russia, Tsar Nicholas I prohibited the sale of slaves in public markets. (188 years ago)

1826: August 3
The coronation of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia takes place in Moscow. (195 years ago)

1812: September 14
The Napoleonic troops arrive at the gates of Moscow (Russia) after three months of march in which they have taken several cities and fought several battles; but the Muscovites have taken refuge in the nearby forests and set fire to the city so that, without food and enduring extremely low temperatures, the French army will be forced to withdraw without having achieved its objective of subduing Tsar Alexander I. Only 58,000 troops of the Napoleonic army, little more than 20% of the total, will survive the Russian campaign. (209 years ago)

1812: September 7
In Russia, the battle of Borodino takes place, about 120 km from Moscow, in which, after nine hours of intense fighting between the French and Russian armies, some 100,000 deaths are produced on both sides and the withdrawal of Russian troops that will lead to the occupation of Moscow, where they will arrive on the 14th, finding the capital literally razed to the ground. This tactical victory of Napoleon and his French troops will not finish off the Russian forces under the command of Prince Mikhail Kutuzov. (209 years ago)

1812: June 24
Napoleon begins his campaign in Russia, without a previous declaration of war, when he crosses the Niemen River with his army. (209 years ago)

1807: February 7
In Eylau, present-day Russia, the bloody battle of the same name takes place, which will conclude the following day, between Napoleon's troops against the Russian-Prussian army, with an uncertain outcome: after 14 hours of continuous battle, no other conclusion can be drawn than the huge loss of life for both sides. Casualties between dead and wounded are estimated at 40,000. (215 years ago)

1805: December 2In the Battle of Austerlitz (present-day Czech Republic), also called the Battle of the Three Emperors, Napoleon defeats the armies of the Third Anti-French Coalition (Great Britain, Austria, and Russia), wiping out the remnants of the Holy Roman Empire. This victory will make France the head of a great empire. (216 years ago)

1801: March 24
In Russia, a conspiracy of a group of nobles, soldiers and merchants, with the connivance of the future Tsar Alexander I, achieves that Tsar Paul I is assassinated by officers of his guard. The erratic policy and absent of any sign of sanity of this tsar is what has led him to this tragic destiny. (220 years ago)

1795: October 24
When concluding Prussia, Russia and Austria the third division of Poland, this ceases to exist. Poland will regain its independence in 1918 in the form of a republic, at the end of the First World War. (226 years ago)

1787: August 13
Turkey declares war on Russia, after Catherine II's rejection of the ultimatum given by Turkey to abandon its "protectorate" of Crimea. (234 years ago)

1772: August 5
In the agreements of Saint Petersburg, Russia, Prussia and Austria share a third of the Polish territory, thus avoiding a European war. (249 years ago)

1762: July 9
In Russia, Catherine II assumes the position of empress as the successor of her husband Pedro III, assassinated in a plot. Catalina will attempt a Europeanization of the country, and will grant the nobility a relevant position that she has not had until that moment. She will fail in her attempt to create a code with the ideas of Montesquieu, and in 1773 she will have to face a dispute with the peasants, due to the disastrous social situation in which the rural population will be plunged. She will be considered an intelligent, cultured, shrewd, highly skilled, passionate woman with a somewhat peculiar private life. She will cultivate a great friendship and communication with the great French Enlightenment such as Diderot, Montesquieu or Voltaire. (She 259 years ago)

1762: June 28
The German princess Sofia Federica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, married since 1745 with Emperor Pedro III, ascends the Russian imperial throne, with the name of Catherine II. During her reign, Russia will begin one of the brightest times in its history with a great growth of the economy due to liberalizing measures. (259 years ago)

1755: April 26
The first Russian University, with three faculties, is opened in Moscow. The project has been approved by Empress Isabel on January 12 of this year. (266 years ago)

1727: May 17
Peter II, the 11-year-old minor grandson of Peter I the Great, is appointed Tsar of Russia after the death of Tsarina Catherine I. He will die in Moscow in 1730, at just 14 years of age, a victim of smallpox. . He will be the last Romanov through the male line. (He 294 years ago)

1723: September 12
In Russia, the Treaty of Saint Petersburg is signed, ending the Russo-Persian War. Taking advantage of the revolts that had broken out in Persia, Tsar Peter I the Great occupied the coast that said country had on the Caspian Sea. (298 years ago)

1721: September 10
Russians and Swedes sign in Nystadt (Russia) a peace treaty that ends the Great Northern War, thus beginning a century of balance of forces in the Baltic. Russia annexes Livonia, Estonia, Ingria and Karelia. (300 years ago)

1720: January 21
Sweden, in its capital Stockholm, signs peace with Prussia, ending hostilities in the so-called Northern War, in which Denmark and Russia are also involved. On July 14 she will sign peace with Denmark and on September 10 of the following year, finally with Russia. (302 years ago)

1700: February 12
As a result of great historical disagreements between Sweden and its neighbors Russia, Denmark-Norway and the Republic of the Two Nations (Poland and Lithuania), today Saxon troops attack the Swedish city of Riga and its surrounding fortifications in Livonia, giving beginning of the Great Northern War, which lasted until 1721, for supremacy in the Baltic Sea. (322 years ago)

1700: January 1
In Russia, with the modernizing reforms promoted by Tsar Peter I the Great, the Julian calendar came into force, instead of the Byzantine one. (322 years ago)

1689: September 12
Peter I the Great, Tsar of Russia, imprisons the current regent, his half-sister Sofia, in a convent in Moscow and assumes power. (332 years ago)

1682: May 7
In Moscow (Russia) there are serious clashes over the imperial succession, since when Tsar Feodor III died on April 27, the National Assembly elected his 10-year-old brother Peter I as the new Tsar. The Court, however, considers this designation illegal, but he will reign until his death in 1725, making Russia a power. (339 years ago)

1667: January 30
The Peace of Andrusovo is signed, ending the Thirteen Years' War between Russia and Poland. Russian sovereignty of Left Bank Ukraine is agreed, while Right Bank Ukraine and Belarus will remain under Polish control. (355 years ago)

1656: May 17
Russia declares war on Sweden. The next day he will begin hostilities by penetrating through Livonia into Swedish territory. (365 years ago)

1648: June 1As a result of unpopular tax measures that have caused great discontent in the population, Morozov's government is overthrown by a popular uprising in the city of Moscow (Russia). Many officials are lynched and Morozov has to flee. (373 years ago)

1613: March 3
In Russia, an assembly of nobles elects the young Michael I as Tsar. With him the Romanov dynasty begins. The boyars, very committed to the previous Polish government, withdraw completely. (408 years ago)

1613: February 21
The Russian National Assembly unanimously elects the 16-year-old Michael Romanov, as Michael I, as Tsar. reigned for 700 years. During these intervening years, three impostors appeared claiming to be Prince Dimitri, the son of Ivan the Terrible who had his throat slit in 1591 as a child. Taking advantage of the prevailing chaos, the Poles invaded Moscow. Later, in an atmosphere of extreme patriotism, the capital managed to be liberated during a popular revolt and Miguel was chosen as Tsar. With his election, which will culminate in his coronation on July 22, the Romanov dynasty begins, which will rule the country until the February Revolution of 1917, in which Tsar Nicholas II will be forced to abdicate. (409 years ago)

1613: February 7
In Russia, Michael Feodorovich Romanov, Michael III, is elected as the new Tsar, ending the so-called "time of disturbances", which began in 1598 when Tsar Fedor I, who was mentally deficient, died in the city of Moscow, extinguishing the dynasty. Russian of the Ruríkidas in its masculine line. (409 years ago)

1598: January 7
In Russia, when Fyodor I Ivanovich died, Boris Godunov became Tsar. He will force the banishment of the Romanovs. He will fight against the privileges of the nobility and strengthen trade. In 1604 he will defeat the usurper Demetrius who will try to overthrow him and will finally die in 1605. (424 years ago)

1571: May 24
In the morning, Crimean Tatars set fire to wooden houses around Moscow, Russia, in response to Ivan IV's annexationist attempts. A strong wind blows, fanning the fire, and soon the entire city is on fire. Behind them, the Tartars loot the houses and persecute their inhabitants. In a few hours the city turns into a heap of smoldering ashes, only the Kremlin is saved, protected by its high stone walls. (450 years ago)

1547: January 16
In Moscow (Russia) Ivan IV, later known as Ivan the Terrible because of the brutal cruelty and heavy hand with which he ruled the destinies of his country, had himself crowned the first Tsar of all the Russias. (475 years ago)

1533: December 4
In Moscow (Russia), at the age of three, the one who will become known as Ivan the Terrible is proclaimed Grand Prince of Moscow, on the occasion of the death of his father, Grand Prince Vasily III. His mother will reign in his name until she dies poisoned in 1538 by boyar clans who will compete for power. (488 years ago)

1380: September 8
The Battle of Kulikovo takes place, near the Don River (Russia), in which the Russians, commanded by the Muscovite Prince Donskoi, suffer 70,000 casualties, but emerge victorious after facing the Mongol Tatars, who lose 130,000 men. After this battle the Russians will remain united marking the beginning of the end of Mongol rule over Russia. (641 years ago)

1242: April 5
In the icy waters of Lake Peipus, Russia, Alexander Nevsky, thanks to the courage of his soldiers and his own cunning, manages to annihilate the Teutonic Knights when they end up drowning after the ice of the lake breaks due to the weight of their armor. Alexander becomes the great savior of Russia, demonstrating that the unity of the people can destroy any invader and he becomes a national hero. Because of his victories, but also because he knew how to be realistic, the Orthodox Church will make him a saint. (779 years ago)

Featured births in Russia
1934: March 9
Yuri Gagarin was born in Klúshino, present-day Russia. On April 12, 1961, he would become the first human being to cross space aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft. He would die on March 27, 1968, when the MiG-15 aircraft that will pilot during a routine flight crashes near Moscow. (87 years ago)

1906: December 19
Born in Dnieprodzerzhinsk (Russia) Leonid Brezhnev who, during his tenure as Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982, would elaborate a doctrine that would affirm the right of Soviet intervention in other countries of the socialist area, and would order the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. (115 years ago years)

1898: January 22
Sergei Eisenstein was born in Riga, capital of present-day Latvia but then a city of the Russian Empire, an avant-garde film director who, despite his scant filmography, which did not even make 20 films, some of them unfinished, managed to make his work continue reviewing assiduously for his contributions and influences in filming, set design, and montage in European and American cinema, especially for breaking with the hitherto inhabitable techniques in montage and starting his particular vision to link the scenes of a headband. His film "The Battleship Potemkin" of 1925, will be considered a masterpiece of the history of the seventh art. (124 years ago)

1894: April 17
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was born in Kalinovka (Russia) and would be the top leader of the Soviet Union between 1953 and 1964, who would purge Stalin's excesses and bring positions closer to the capitalist West. (127 years ago)

1872: March 31
Born in the Chudovsky District, Russia, Sergei Diaghilev, a Russian businessman and promoter who founded the legendary Ballets Russes, a company from which many famous dancers and choreographers will emerge. In Paris in 1910, during the premiere of Schérézade , he will exchange the dancers' tutus for daring trousers designed by León Bask and the dancer Vaslav Nijinsky will wear gold paint on his body and jewels on his clothing. (149 years ago)

1870: April 22
Born in Simbirsk (Russia) Vladimir Ilich Ulianov, who will be known as Lenin, Russian revolutionary leader and Bolshevik leader. He will be the first chairman of the Government of the Soviet Union (the Council of People's Commissars). (151 years ago)

1868: March 28
Maxim Gorky was born in the Russian city of Nizhny Novgorod, pseudonym of Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov, a Russian playwright and politician identified with the Soviet revolutionary movement. A master of realism, he will be considered one of the most relevant personalities in the culture and literature of his country. Over time, his work will acquire a markedly political character. Among his writings, it is worth mentioning "The mother" and "The underworld". (153 years ago)

1866: December 16
Born in Moscow (Russia), Wassily Kandinsky artist who in his works will paint his inner feelings in a search for the spiritual by interpreting what he feels when seeing the world. He will be, somehow, despised and highly criticized for this new way of painting. For this reason he will be considered the inventor of abstract painting. (155 years ago)

1857: September 17
Konstantin Tsiolkovski, a Soviet physicist who will be considered the father of cosmonautics for his studies on space travel, was born in Izhevskoye, Russia. (164 years ago)

1846: May 30
Peter Carl Fabergé, a famous jeweler who manufactured beautiful pieces in the shape of gold and enamel Easter eggs, miniature animals, chalices, and chocolate boxes, was born in the city of Saint Petersburg, Russia. (He 175 years ago)

1845: March 10
Alexander III Romanov was born in Saint Petersburg, present-day Russia, and ascended to the throne in 1881, after the assassination of his father Alexander II in the same city. He will be an authoritarian and energetic sovereign, who will keep intact the autocratic and absolutist system of the Russian monarchy. He will reign in this way until his death on November 1, 1894. Nevertheless, his reign will be considered quite prosperous. (176 years ago)

1844: March 18
In Tijvin, Russia, the famous composer and conductor Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and one of the great figures of the Russian nationalist school was born. Among his best-known orchestral works are "Capricho español" , the "Overture of the great Russian Easter" and the symphonic suite "Scheherazade". (177 years ago)

1842: December 9
Piotr Alekséyevich Kropotkin was born into an aristocratic family in Moscow (Russia), who would be a geographer, naturalist and political thinker. He is considered one of the main theoreticians of the anarchist movement. (179 years ago)

1840: May 7
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer, was born in Votkins (Russia). With a nervous personality, it will be the loss of his mother when he is only 14 years old, his passion and idolatry for Mozart and his platonic relationship with women, the elements that will mark and influence his beautiful works, such as the romantic "Overture 1812 ". (He 181 years ago)

1834: February 8
Born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, Dmitri Ivánovich Mendeléyev, Russian chemist, creator in 1869 of a new and definitive Periodic Table of the elements. It will classify and rearrange several chemical elements taking into account the increasing value of their atomic masses, grouping them in rows and columns so that all the elements in the same column will present a similar behavior while reserving blank spaces to add elements not yet discovered and predicting the properties of those elements yet to be discovered. With this new version of Mendeleev, the way will be opened to the great advances experienced by chemistry during the 20th century. (188 years ago)

1828: September 9
In Yásnaya Poliana (Russia), the prolific Russian writer Liev Nikolaevich Count of Tolstoy, known as Leo Tolstoy, author of "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" among other works in which he admirably described Russian life and customs, was born. He was an ideologue of active nonviolence. (193 years ago) 1821: November 11Fyodor Milkhailovich Dostoevsky, a great figure of Russian literature of the 19th century and of all time, was born in Moscow (Russia). His works of great realism will enjoy a deep psychological content. (200 years ago)

1818: April 29
Born in Moscow, Russia, Alexander II, Tsar reformer and supporter of peace, who paradoxically will have to face numerous discontents and the nationalism of his subjects. He will implement the most difficult reforms undertaken in Russia. (He 203 years ago)

1818: April 17
In the city of Moscow, Russia, Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov, eldest son of Tsar Nicholas I, great-grandson of Catherine the Great, was born. He will occupy the throne on the death of his father in 1855. In 1856 the Crimean War will end with a significant loss of territorial influence for Russia. He will sign alliances with France and England against Turkey. He will also undertake reforms such as the abolition of the serfdom of the glebe, that is, the freedom of the Russian peasants. He will create courts with free magistrates and juries. He will suffer several attacks until in 1881 one of them ends his life. Then his son Alexander will succeed him. (203 years ago)

1814: May 31
In Priomukhino (Russia), the Russian revolutionary and writer Mijail Alexandrovich Bakunin was born, who would elaborate the theory of anarchism, as a way to achieve the abolition of any form of governmental authority. (207 years ago)

1776: January 24
In Königsberg (Prussia, now Russia), the German writer and composer ETA Hoffmann was born, who would exert a great influence on the romantic movement of German literature. (246 years ago)

1724: April 22
Born in Köenisburg (now Russia), Imanuel Kant, a German philosopher whose key work will be "Critique of Pure Reason" , in which he will try to base human knowledge and its limits. (He 297 years ago)

1715: October 23
In St. Petersburg, Russia, Peter II was born, who would be Tsar of Russia from 1727 until his premature death, a victim of measles, in 1730, at the age of 14. (306 years ago)

1709: December 29
Elizabeth I of Russia, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I, was born in Kolomenskoe (Russia), residence of the tsars, and reigned as empress from 1741, after organizing a palace revolt to depose Tsar Ivan VI, until her death in 1762. (312 years ago)

1672: June 9
Tsar Peter I the Great, son of Tsar Alexis and Natalia Narishkina, was born in Moscow (Russia). In 1689 he will lead a coup d'état that will remove from power his half-sister Sofía, who occupies the regency, and his half-brother Iván IV. (349 years ago)

1530: August 25
Ivan IV Vasilyevich, also called Ivan the Terrible, was born in Kolomenskoe (Russia), Tsar of Russia from 1547 to 1584, considered one of the creators of the Russian state. (491 years ago)

1440: January 22
Ivan III the Great, "Great Prince of Vladimir and Moscow" and "Sovereign of all the Russias", was born in Moscow, present-day Russia. He will carry out a skillful policy of alliances and confrontations with the Tartar chiefs, which will quadruple his territory. He will marry the niece of the last Byzantine emperor making Moscow the third Orthodox Rome. (582 years ago)

1220: May 30
In Vladimir, present-day Russia, Alexander Nevsky was born, a Russian leader who would fight against the Swedes in 1240, defeating them on the Neva River, near St. Petersburg. Later, in April 1242, he will confront the Teutonic Knights in Novgorod and defeat them at the Battle of Lake Peipus, expelling them. When the Mongols invade Russia from the East, he will mediate between his people and the Mongols, and in 1246 he will be appointed Grand Prince of Kiev by the Mongols themselves. In 1251 they will raise him as Prince of Vladimir, removing his brother Andrew. He will be canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, whose feast day is celebrated on September 12. (801 years ago)

Reported deaths in Russia
2007: April 23
Boris Yeltsin, who was president of Russia between 1990 and 1999 and the first to be democratically elected, dies in Moscow (Russia). In that decade, he led his country through a political and economic transition. (14 years ago)

1921: February 8
Piotr Kropotkin, geographer, Russian thinker and father of anarchism along with Bakunin, dies in Moscow (now Russia). (101 years ago) 1918: July 16In Siberia (Russia), former Tsar Nicholas II and his family are taken to the basement of the country house of merchant Nikolai Ipatiev, where they are lined up and shot by 11 Bolshevik soldiers. Not all die instantly and several daughters of the Tsar, who hide jewels sewn into their clothes against which the bullets collide, have to be finished off with rifle butts and bayonets. (103 years ago)

1916: December 29
Rasputin, an illiterate monk of peasant origin and mystic with great influence over the Romanovs, is assassinated by people close to the Tsar. His body is thrown into the icy waters of the Neva River. (He 105 years ago)

1908: June 21
In Saint Petersburg, Russia, the famous composer and conductor Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov dies after years of suffering from angina pectoris. He has been one of the great figures of the Russian nationalist school, consistent in the use of popular folk songs and their harmonic, melodic and exotic elements, seeking distance from the classical Western way of composing, although not rejecting it. Among his best-known orchestral works, "Capricho español", the "Overture of the great Russian Easter" and the symphonic suite "Scheherazade" should be highlighted . (113 years ago)

1907: February 2
Dmitri Ivánovich Mendeléyev, Russian chemist, creator in 1869 of a new and definitive Periodic Table of the elements, dies in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He classified and rearranged several chemical elements taking into account the increasing value of their atomic masses, grouping them in rows and columns so that all the elements in the same column would present a similar behavior while reserving blank spaces to add elements not yet discovered and predicted the properties of those elements yet to be discovered. With this new version of Mendeleev, the way was opened for the great advances experienced by chemistry in the 20th century. (115 years ago)

1893: November 6
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer, dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia). With a nervous personality, it was the loss of his mother when he was only 14 years old, his passion and idolatry for Mozart and his platonic relationship with women, the elements that marked and influenced his brilliant works. (He 128 years ago)

1881: March 13
Alexander II, Tsar Regent of Russia since 1855, is assassinated in a bomb that explodes in the streets of Saint Petersburg. The perpetrator is the group "The Will of the People", founded two years earlier, which does not hesitate to use terror and assassination in its attempt to wipe out tsarism from Russia. The assassins of Alexander II will be arrested and hanged and the members of the group will be persecuted until their total elimination. (140 years ago)

1881: February 9
Fyodor Mijailovich Dostoevsky, Russian writer, dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia). Among his best-known works, the unforgettable "Crime and Punishment", "The Gambler", "The Idiot" and "The Brothers Karamazov" stand out . (141 years ago)

1881: January 28
Fyodor Milkhailovich Dostoevsky, a great figure of Russian literature of the 19th century and of all time, dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia). His works of great realism have a deep psychological content. (He 141 years ago)

1855: March 2
Czar Nicholas I dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia). His son Alexander II succeeds him. (166 years ago)

1804: February 12
Imanuel Kant, a German philosopher whose key work is "Critique of Pure Reason" , dies in Köenisburg (present-day Russia). (He 218 years ago)

1796: November 17
In Saint Petersburg (Russia), Tsarina Catherine II the Great dies at the age of 67. During her 33-year absolute reign, she achieved the unification and expansion of the Russian empire and the Russian economy grew considerably and cities such as Sevastopol and Kherson were founded. The reforms of it were of an aristocratic nature favoring the immobility of the traditional structures of society, erected in the servitude of the peasantry. (225 years ago)

1783: September 18
The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler dies in Saint Petersburg (Russia), who with his work on differential calculus achieved a great advance in infinitesimal calculus. (238 years ago)

1671: June 16
In the Red Square of Moscow (Russia) Stenka Razin, head of the Don Cossack rebellion against the nobility and the tsar's bureaucracy in southern Russia, is quartered. (350 years ago)

1605: April 13
Boris Gudonov, Tsar of Russia, dies. Not being a member of the upper bourgeoisie, he was exposed to intrigues, especially from the later Romanov family of tsars. (416 years ago)

1585: August 16
In Siberia, the head of the Cossacks Timofeievich drowns in the Irtysh River while fleeing from the Tatars. With his campaign launched in 1581 he paved the way for the conquest and annexation of Siberia to Russia. (436 years ago)

1584: March 18
Tsar Ivan IV, nicknamed the Terrible, dies in Moscow at the age of 53, under whose reign a regime of terror was established against the upper classes and he assumed for the first time an expansive policy in Russia. (437 years ago)

Outstanding Facts About Ukraine

2022: February 24
At dawn, Russian President Vladimir Putin announces a "special military operation" in Donbas. In this way, and after months of tension in the area, Russia attacks military targets in Ukraine. (less than a year ago)

2014: February 22
In Ukraine, President Viktor Yanukovych leaves Kiev in a hurry and Parliament dismisses him by 328 votes in favor and 6 abstentions through a motion of censure before an absent president, amid hugs and applause from deputies. In addition, presidential elections are called for May 25 and former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko is released from her prison sentence by order of Parliament after yesterday eliminating the article of the Penal Code for which she had been convicted. In the streets, demonstrators jubilantly celebrate the new developments. (8 years ago)

2014: February 18
The political crisis that Ukraine has been experiencing for 3 months has ended in its capital, Kiev, with 22 dead and hundreds injured in clashes between opponents of President Victor Yanukovych, who are calling for changes in the country from Independence Square to pressure in favor of the promised constitutional change, and the security forces, who respond with rubber bullets, tear gas and smoke bombs. Two days later, on the 20th, Yanukovych will intensify the repression using snipers stationed on the roofs to shoot down the demonstrators, causing about 80 deaths. The next day, the 21st, Yanukovych and the opposition will sign a pact that removes powers from the president, sets early elections and returns to the 2004 Constitution. (8 years ago)

2014: January 28
In Ukraine, after two months of riots, the Government falls in full, before the firm protest of the opponents, at the same time that the Parliament annuls the laws that toughened the penalties for unauthorized demonstrations and prohibited setting up tents in the city. Despite this change in attitude, people continue on the streets calling for the resignation of President Yanukovych, the origin of the protest for having sold the country in exchange for Russian President Putin's support for the presidential elections. The riots have cost several dead. (8 years ago)

1918: March 3
Bolshevik Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the central powers, abandoning the enormous attrition of World War I and providing independence for Poland and the Baltic territories of Ukraine and Finland. (103 years ago)

1854: August 21
Today, British nurse Florence Nightingale, nicknamed "the angel of the wounded" and considered the mother of modern nursing, is sent to serve in the Crimean War (present-day Ukraine). Once there, more specifically in Sukari, Nightingale and her co-workers will reform and thoroughly clean the hospital, despite the adverse reaction of doctors and officials, with which they will be able to reduce the mortality rate from 40% to two%. She will triumphantly return to England on August 7, 1857, and will devote the rest of her life to furthering her profession by founding a nursing school to bear her name. She will save many lives. She (she 167 years ago)

1768: February 29
In Bar, present-day Ukraine, a group of Polish nobles establish the Bar Confederation, which defends the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church and the peasant nobility, opposing Russian intervention in Poland. (253 years ago)

1709: July 8
Tsar Peter I the Great definitively put a stop to the expansionist desires of the Swedes, by defeating Charles XII of Sweden, the conquering king, in front of the city of Poltava (Ukraine). The Swedish king is seriously wounded in the course of the battle and will take refuge in the Ottoman court in Istanbul for years. (312 years ago)

1709: June 27
The Battle of Poltava takes place, in present-day Ukraine, in which Tsar Peter the Great defeats the troops of Charles XII of Sweden, depleted by the harsh winter they have had to endure when attempting to invade Russia. With this Russian victory, the end of the kingdom of Sweden as a European superpower begins. (312 years ago)

1648: May 5
Polish Cossacks, led by their leader Bogdan Khmelnistki, defeat an army of Polish nobles at the Battle of the Blue Waters, near Siniuja, Ukraine. Cossacks and Ukrainian peasants oppose the repressive policy of the Polish King Ladislaus IV. (373 years ago)

Featured births in Ukraine
1908: December 31
In Buczacz, Austria-Hungary, which today is part of the Ukraine, the "Nazi hunter" Simon Wiesenthal was born, who would found the Jewish Documentation Center and would have a decisive role in the persecution and arrest of more than a thousand Nazis, including Eichmann, kidnapped in 1960 in Argentina. (113 years ago)

1896: May 3
In the Russian city of Kiev, now belonging to Ukraine, the future Israeli politician and Prime Minister Golda Meir was born. She will be the prime minister of Israel between 1969 and 1974, the year in which she will resign due to a scandal over the lack of military preparation of the Israeli troops during the Yom Kippur war of 1973. She (she 125 years ago)

1879: November 7
In Yanovka, Ukraine, Lev Davídovich Bronstein was born, who would be known as Leon Trotsky, a Soviet revolutionary politician and theoretician, and one of the protagonists of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917. He would create the Red Army that would win during the Russian Civil War. the foreign armies and the so-called White Armies, opposed to the revolution. (142 years ago)

1857: December 3Born in Berdyczów (present-day Ukraine) Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski de Nalecz, nationalized English Polish novelist better known by his pseudonym Joseph Conrad, author of novels such as "Heart of Darkness" , "Lord Jim" , and "The Secret Agent" among others. (He 164 years ago)

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