google.com, pub-6663105814926378, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0 Around the World JM: How Can We Solve the Antibiotic Resistance Crisis


How Can We Solve the Antibiotic Resistance Crisis

How Can We Solve the Antibiotic Resistance Crisis


Antibiotics: behind the scenes, they enable much of modern medicine. We use them to cure infectious diseases, but also to safely facilitate everything from surgery to chemotherapy to organ transplants. Without antibiotics, even routine medical procedures can lead to life-threatening infections. And we’re at risk of losing them. Antibiotics are chemicals that prevent the growth of bacteria. Unfortunately, some bacteria have become resistant to all currently available antibiotics. At the same time, we’ve stopped discovering new ones. Still, there’s hope that we can get ahead of the problem. But first, how did we get into this situation? The first widely used antibiotic  was penicillin, discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.

In his 1945 Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Fleming warned that bacterial resistance had the potential to ruin the miracle of antibiotics. He was right: in the 1940s and 50s, resistant bacteria already began to appear. From then until the 1980s, pharmaceutical companies countered the problem of resistance by discovering many new antibiotics.



At first this was a highly successful—and highly profitable— enterprise. Over time, a couple things changed. Newly discovered antibiotics were often only effective for a narrow spectrum of infections, whereas the first ones had been broadly applicable. This isn’t a problem in itself, but it does mean that fewer doses of these drugs could be sold—making them less profitable. In the early days, antibiotics were heavily overprescribed, including for viral infections  they had no effect on.

Scrutiny around prescriptions increased, which is good, but also lowered sales. At the same time, companies began to develop more drugs that are taken over a patient’s lifetime, like blood pressure and cholesterol medications, and later anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medications. Because they are taken indefinitely, these drugs more profitable. By the mid-1980s, no new chemical classes of antibiotics were discovered. But bacteria continued to acquire resistance and pass it along by sharing genetic information between individual bacteria and even across species.

Now bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics are common, and increasingly some strains are resistant to all our current drugs. So, what can we do about this? We need to control the use of existing antibiotics, create new ones, combat resistance to new and existing drugs, and find new ways to fight bacterial infections. The largest consumer of antibiotics is agriculture, which uses antibiotics not only to treat infections but to promote the growth of food animals.

Using large volumes of antibiotics increases the bacteria’s exposure to the antibiotics and therefore their opportunity to develop resistance. Many bacteria that are common in animals, like salmonella, can also infect humans, and drug-resistant versions can pass to us through the food chain and spread through international trade and travel networks. In terms of finding new antibiotics, nature offers the most promising new compounds.

Organisms like other microbes and fungi have evolved over millions of years to live in competitive environments—meaning they often contain antibiotic compounds to give them a survival advantage over certain bacteria. We can also package antibiotics with molecules that inhibit resistance. One way bacteria develop resistance is through proteins of their own that degrade the drug. By packaging the antibiotic with molecules that block the degraders, the antibiotic can do its job. Phages, viruses that attack bacteria but don’t affect humans, are one promising new avenue to combat bacterial infections. Developing vaccines for common infections, meanwhile, can help prevent disease in the first place. The biggest challenge to all these approaches is funding, which is woefully inadequate across the globe. Antibiotics are so unprofitable that many large pharmaceutical companies have stopped trying to develop them.



Meanwhile, smaller companies that successfully bring new antibiotics to market often still go bankrupt, like the American start up Achaogen. New therapeutic techniques like phages and vaccines face the same fundamental problem as traditional antibiotics: if they’re working well, they’re used just once, which makes it difficult to make money. And to successfully counteract resistance in the long term, we’ll need to use new antibiotics sparingly—lowering the profits for their creators even further.

One possible solution is to shift profits away from the volume of antibiotics sold. For example, the United Kingdom is testing a model where healthcare providers purchase antibiotic subscriptions. While governments are looking for ways to incentivize antibiotic development, these programs are still in the early stages. Countries around the world will need to do much more but with enough investment in antibiotic development and controlled use of our current drugs, we can still get ahead of resistance.

UPDATE NEW TOPIC

Beginner's Cryptocurrencies Track Cryptocurrencies Make Money i.e. Get Cryptocurrencies Initial Coin Offering Asset Invest Cryptocurrencies Drawbacks Cryptocurrencies Future Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency FAQ Ways to Lower Car Insurance 100 Tips to Save Money Every Day 189 Life Hacks to Save Money 25 Tips to Save on Groceries How to Save on Food The 10 Rules and Tips to Save on Shopping Saving on Shopping 2021 35 Ways to Teach You How to Save Money 10 Tips to Save Your First €100,000 7 Handy Saving Tips to Make It Easier to Save How to Save on Shopping 10 Tips not to be missed 8 Easy Ways to Save Money How to Save on Food: 26 Tips to Follow 35 Tips to Save Money and Optimize Your Budget How to Save on Shopping: Tips to Avoid Unnecessary Expenses How to Reach Your Savings Goals 17 Tips to Help You Save Money Fast Best Tips to Save Money 2021 15 Things You Should Never Buy at Gas Stations Annuities Meaning Finding Travel Insurance For Cancer Diagnosis How Does the Stock Market Work Top 10 Ways to Make Money Online 10 Legit Ways to Make Money and Passive Income Online 10 Ways To Cut Your Health Care Costs The Ultimate Assurance of Buy-sell Agreements 5 Tips to Prepare for Your Property Settlement 8 Habits of Wealthy and Successful People Why Millennials Choose to Buy Home 7 Tips Every Homeowner Need to Know About Insurance 8 Tip on Homeownner Insurance 10 Question You Should Ask Mortgage Lenders How Much is My Car Accident Settlement Worth 200 Business Movement News 150 Financial Tip You Should Know Essential List of Mortgage Application Document Prepare Yourself Before Investing in Stock Shopping is the Right Way Without Debt Factors Affecting Home Loan Rates Using Credit Cards With No Debt Plan for Business Loans Step Before Buying Insurance Choosing Life Insurance How to Get Cheap Car Insurance If in Debt With a Credit Card Type of Insurance How to Request a Claim Deposit With Banks or Take Out Insurance Why Do We Need Life Insurance Insure Assets and Liabilities How is It Different Contract for Buying a House Happy if in Debt Can Not Pay the Car Installments 16 Most Important Car Insurance Terms Want to Use Urgent Money Where Should I Request a Loan Save Money in Stocks How to Have a Home Plan Before Retirement Plan for Repayment Carefully 50 Financial Movement You Should Know How You Can Hit the Heights While Plunging to the Depths 10 Ways to Cut Your Health Care Costs Tips for Handling an Employee's Departure How to Get Your Product Onto Retailers' Shelves A List of Pointers for Low-cost Promotion A Field Guide to Office Colleagues How to Get Your Tqm Training on Track 4 Excuses to Use Unconscious Credit Cards Be Careful Terms of Insurance Agreement Changing a Home to Pay Off Debt Want Money to Invest Credit Card Addiction Symptoms How to Manage Credit Card Debt if Lose Job What is Private Fund Loans for Education 10 Things That Lead to Poverty Do Not Overlook Insurance There Are Also Saving on Debt 10 Things You Need to Do Before Retiring Seed Funds for the Smallest Start-ups Health Insurance Managed Care Can Cost More States Go for Bold Changes Outside Directors: How They Help You Helping Your Children Plan for a Distant Future The Tax Advantages of a Home Office Job Skills Have Declined Firms Say American Get More for Their Money Boost Your Problem-solving Power Finding the Essence of Good Sales People Suggestions on Selling Your Service Firm Warming to the Idea of Customer Feedback It's Timely to Consider Still Another Inequality More Tax Cuts Coming Vice Presiddency Becoming More Attractive Goal Turn Anger Into an Asset Making the Most of Trade Shows Ideas for Making the Most of Time on the Road The Benefits of Smart Inventory Management Policies That Protect a Company's Good Name Market-neutral Funds May Offer Solace if Stocks Tank Bargains in Business Insurance Bills Would Affect the Hiring of Skilled Foreign Workers The Ups and Downs of a Postal Rate Proposal Locking on to Teamwork Nurturing Part Timers to Be Entrepreneurs Holding Things Together When Selling A Location Knowing When Cut The Cord A New Selling Approach Makes Fashion Sense Too Much Team Harmony Can Signal Trouble Oiling The Wheels Of Consumer Satisfaction Networking 101: Seeing And Being Seen Nuts About Snack Food A Jet-Powered Takeoff Grooming For Success Switching to Self Insurance Promoting A World Ethical Standard Help Wanted Desperately How to Get a Yes From Your Banker Lawmakers Have Their Work Cut Out For Them Making The Climb Onto Store Shelves Hammering Home Performance Incentives Have You Seen Your Banker For Your Annual Checkup Protect Your Company's Proprietary Information Adding Some Byte To Retirement Plans From The Ground Up Pluses And Pitfalls In Voice Mail Lawmakers Have Their Work Cut Out For Them Making The Climb Onto Store Shelves Market Bulls Battle A Case Of Nerves Check The Fine Print In Picking A 401 (k) Plan 5 Pitfalls Make Your Work Inefficient Wrong Stock Investing What is a non life insurance 5 things to do if you want to succeed 5 steps Emphasize the use of credit cards correctly Unemployment can be saved by doing 5 steps Obstacles that prevent from saving Want to be rich do these 3 things New to the stock market Change the attitude of saving with 3 steps Home loan Not difficult anymore Start investing is not difficult Come check the finance health Live 3 items for solving the poor 5 wrong financial views Risking destruction 4 things that should not be overlooked for Save money Wise financial planning techniques for the family 5 mistakes checklist when buying insurance 5 reduce the risk of doing business 3 risk levels that must be known before investing Advantages and disadvantages of Requesting a loan Saving The US Economy What price loyalty at Vodafone Alphabet soup and economic recovery Our growing nostalgia for commuting Financial alchemy Personal credit 4 principles of financial success Buying housing is not a big deal anymore Essential insurance How to teach your child to be wise With the use of money 6 Collection techniques That a salary man needs to do How to choose a credit card that best suits your needs Beware The Scammers out to empty your bank account Avoid The Traps Set By Estate Agents 10 Ways To Cut Your Health Care Costs What is the stock market Adjust the idea of adding value to your business How ready are you for down 10 techniques to use money 10 Ideas To Conquer Stocks 10 Year Retirement Plan Factors That Make Your Finances Worse Eliminate 5 Weaknesses to Create Success in SME Retirement Investment Plan Longevity Simpler 5 Secrets to Financial Freedom How to Invest Without Losing Do We Need Too Much Money 8 Alarms When Finances Are in Trouble How to Use Money Saving Techniques Credit Card Debts Not Difficult Anymore Long Term Savings Financial Matters Young People Should Know The 5 Phases of Money Flow Youth Fever for Cryptocurrencies Economy Versus Demagoguery Resistance to Organizational Change What is Production budget What are the Goods in Commission What are Returns on Purchases What are Pre Operating Expenses What is a Technical Organization 10 Types of Credit Securities 5 Main Types of Business Organization What Is a Business Advisor What is the Personification of Accounts What Is Expense policy 6 Stages of Administrative Organization Social Responsibility of Institutions What Is Business Environment Forms of Organization of Economic Entities Top 9 Functions of a Salesperson 7 Duties of an Accounting Clerk 7 Most Outstanding Comptroller Functions What Is Bookkeeping What Are Taxes Payable Armand Feigenbaum Biography What Is Zero Base Budgeting What Is Chart of Accounts What Is Sensitivity Analysis What Is Purchasing Department Origin of Business Management What Is Administrative Organization What is Cost Accounting What Is Organizational Structure What Is Nominal Salary What Is Centralization In Administration What Is Payable Documents What Is Indirect Labor What Is Going Business What Is Commercial Paper What Is Delivery In Business What Is Equivalent Units What Is Income Centers What Is Indirect Materials What Is Purchase Requisition What Is Internal Accounting Control What Is Administrative Management What Is Political Environment of a Company What Is Purchasing Budget What Is Consignment Merchandise What Is Organization Expenses What Is Unpaid Balance What Is Logistics Operator What Is Flexible Budgeting What Is Government Accounting What Is Financial Leasing Companies Mergers and Acquisitions of Companies What Is Acquisition Financing What Is Acquisition Accounting What Is Operating Leverage What Is Top management What Is Operational Audit What Is Cost Systems Who is Vittorio Mincato Initial Public Offering Backed by Venture Capital Who is Vittorio Mincato What Does On Account Mean The Cryptocurrency Tether Whether Cryptocurrencies Will Fall to Zero Primitive Time of the Administration 6 Tips for Choosing Health Insurance What Is a Structured Settlement Annuity Benefits Behind an Annuity or Structured Settlement

Search This Blog

Popular Posts

Blog Archive