Outstanding Events in Austria
1975: December 21
Venezuelan Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, better known by the nickname "Carlos the Jackal", leads a terrorist action against the Oil Ministers, who are attending a meeting of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) in Vienna. In it, they kill three people and take 63 hostages, including 11 OPEC ministers. "Carlos" demands that an anti-Israel political statement be broadcast on the radio and a bus and a jet plane be made available to him. The Austrian authorities agree to his request. The hostages will be released unharmed in Algeria in exchange for a significant amount of money. For years his trail will be lost until in 1994 the Sudanese authorities hand him over to France, (45 years ago)
1961: June 3
In Vienna, Austria, and with the aim of evaluating Khrushchev, discovering his views on the nuclear race and other issues, as well as getting an impression of his personality, US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy meets for the first time. the first Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev. At the end of day 4, the meeting will not mean a victory or a defeat but something "useful" and "necessary", in the words of both leaders. (60 years ago)
1957: July 29
In Vienna (Austria) the International Atomic Energy Agency begins to function, which in November will be defined as an autonomous body of the UN, whose main function will be to serve as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the field of energy use. for peaceful purposes, for which it will have advisers, equipment and training to provide assistance to developing governments promoting the transmission of knowledge and skills, so that recipient countries can effectively and safely execute their development programs of atomic Energy. (64 years ago)
1945: April 14
Austria regains independence from Germany after the occupation of the country by Soviet troops. (76 years ago)
1938: November 9
On the night of 9-10, what will be known as "the night of broken glass" takes place in Austria and Germany, in which a murder serves as an excuse to launch a revolt against Jewish citizens throughout the country. The attack, engineered to look like a spontaneous act, is orchestrated by the German government. Some 1,600 synagogues, cemeteries, more than 7,000 shops and 29 Jewish warehouses are damaged or destroyed. More than 30,000 Jews are arrested and interned in concentration camps, many are lynched, some even to death and many of them are subjected to all kinds of humiliations suffering the ridicule of their compatriots who, until recently, had been their friends and neighbors . (83 years ago)
1938: April 10
In Austria a controlled plebiscite takes place, after the invasion of Adolf Hitler on March 12, where 99.7 percent of Austrians over 20 years approve the Anschluss (German: "Union") for the political unification of Austria and Germany. It should be noted that the vote is not secret and voters have had to fill out the ballot in front of the members of the SS without being able to insert it directly into the ballot box. (83 years ago)
1919: September 10The Peace Treaty of Saint Germain en Laye (France) is signed. As a result, Austria will be obliged to comply with important territorial cessions to Italy, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. It is also obliged to recognize, according to section V of the third Chapter, ethnic minorities. (102 years ago)
1918: November 12The Austrian National Assembly decides to proclaim the Republic and adhere with the signature of the First Chancellor of the Republic Karl Renner to the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, making their union in the community of German states, as well as the monarchy, become obsolete. . Starting today, with its new name of Republic of Austria, the country will establish itself as an independent state in international law. His early years will be marked by serious economic difficulties and a continuous escalation of conflicts between different political groups. (103 years ago)
1914: August 1
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia, which transforms the conflict between Austro-Hungarians and Serbs into a military confrontation on a European scale, starting the devastating World War I. (107 years ago)
1914: July 28
When Austria declared war on Serbia, World War I began. (107 years ago)
1865: August 20
In the Gastein Valley (Austria), Prussia and Austria sign an agreement known as the Gastein Convention by which the territories of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein are divided, which both countries have seized from Denmark the previous year in the so-called War of the Duchies. Austria wants these two duchies to become independent members of the German Confederation, but nevertheless the Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck has every intention of incorporating them into Prussia. As agreed in the Gastein Convention, Austria will have to administer and temporarily occupy Holstein, and Prussia will have to do the same in Schleswig. Neither party will be satisfied with this agreement, which will not even be able to hold for a year. (156 years ago)
1854: April 24
In Vienna (Austria) the lavish wedding of the 23-year-old Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I and the Bavarian princess Elizabeth, better known as Sissí, of the same age, is celebrated. (167 years ago)
1849: April 4
Austria incorporates Hungary into its Empire, which will give rise in 1867 to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. (172 years ago)
1848: March 13
In Vienna (Austria) a large concentration takes place that demands a Constitution to end the hated absolutist regime. The army dissolves the concentration and it ends in fighting throughout the city. Thus begins a liberal revolt throughout the country, which will end on October 31 when Field Marshal Alfred, conquers Vienna and establishes martial law and punishes the rebels. (173 years ago)
1815: June 9
The final Act of the Congress of Vienna, which has been meeting since September 18 of the previous year, is approved, in which the new territorial reorganization of Europe is agreed after the defeat of Napoleon, trying to return to the situation before the Revolution French of 1789. The procedures used will serve as a guideline in future international conferences, even today, to establish agreements between nations. (206 years ago)
1815: February 8
The Congress of Vienna (Austria) approves an order of international rank by which the slave trade is outlawed in any form. (206 years ago)
1811: March 15
The Austrian Empire goes bankrupt due to speculation, due to the continental blockade and inflation caused by the military expenditures of a long series of wars that has brought all of Europe to the brink. Other countries, such as England, France, Germany, Spain ... also suffer from this crisis. (210 years ago)
1809: October 14
In Austria the Peace of Schönbrunn is signed, which ends Austria's resistance against the Napoleonic imperial troops. (212 years ago)
1809: May 13
The French army under Napoleon Bonaparte occupies Vienna (Austria). (212 years ago)
1808: December 22
Symphony No. 5 in C minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven, directed by the composer, the work will acquire a patent prestige. (212 years ago)
1805: December 26
France and Austria put an end to the third coalition war, by signing a peace treaty in Presburg (Slovakia), as a result of the defeat suffered by the Austrians against Napoleon Bonaparte in the battle of Austerlitz. The treaty is clearly favorable to French interests. It will mark the end of the Holy Roman Empire. (215 years ago)
1805: December 2
In the battle of Austerlitz (present-day Czech Republic), also called the Battle of the Three Emperors, Napoleon defeats the armies of the third anti-French coalition (Great Britain, Austria and Russia), destroying the remains of the Holy Roman Empire. This victory will put France at the head of a great empire. (215 years ago)
1804: November 6
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, and Francis II, Emperor of Austria, agree to go to war against France. Between the two countries they will enlist a force of 350,000 soldiers against Napoleon. (217 years ago)
1795: October 24
When Prussia, Russia and Austria conclude the third division of Poland, it ceases to exist. Poland will regain its independence in 1918 in the form of a republic, at the end of the First World War. (226 years ago)
1792: April 20
France declares war on Austria, diverting attention from internal problems in passing, and launches three armies into combat. On the 29th of this month, the Armée du Nord, composed of 34,000 men, will suffer a great defeat when trying to invade Belgium. The setbacks of the French army will increase the revolutionary agitation in Paris. (229 years ago)
1776: January 2
The Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria abolishes torture. (245 years ago)
1772: August 5
In the Saint Petersburg agreements, Russia, Prussia and Austria share one third of the Polish territory, thus avoiding a European war. (249 years ago)
1763: February 15Austria, Prussia and Saxony, seal the Peace of Hübertusburg which marks the end of the so-called Seven Years War, by means of which Prussia annexes the Silesian region. With this Prussia becomes a great European power under the mandate of Frederick II the Great, who will emerge with a clearly strengthened position. (258 years ago)
1742: June 11
The Empress Maria Teresa of Austria decides to make peace with King Frederick II of Prussia, by giving him almost all of Silesia through the Treaty of Breslau, thus marking the end of the First Silesian War. (279 years ago)
1725: April 30
In Austria, the Treaty of Vienna is signed between Felipe V, King of Spain, and Carlos VI, Emperor of the Holy Empire, ending a period of negotiations with the aim of solving the conflicts of both Crowns in Italy, establishing a link between them through the double marriage of the infants Carlos and Don Felipe with two daughters of the emperor, and to render mutual aid, especially in the conflicts in Gibraltar. (296 years ago)
1683: September 12
A relief army, under the command of the Polish King John III, expels the Turkish hosts at the battle of Kahlenberg that have been besieging Vienna (Austria) since July 14. The bakers, who played an important role in the resistance, will commemorate the siege of Vienna and the defeat of the Ottomans with a tasty crescent-shaped puff pastry that they will call a croissant. (338 years ago)
1683: July 14
Captained by the grand vizier Kara Mustafa, the Ottomans besieged the city of Vienna (Austria). The siege will conclude on September 12 with the Battle of Kalhenberg in which the Christian army will put the Ottomans to flight. (338 years ago)
1529: September 27
The siege of Vienna (Austria) begins, when the forces of the Ottoman Empire, under the command of Suleiman I, attack the city. The lack of adequate logistics will make a dent and finally, without having achieved his goal, Suleiman will withdraw in mid-October to Constantinople. A new attempt in 1532 will be another failure. (492 years ago)
1528: September 24
Sultan Suleiman II the Magnificent fails in his attempt to seize the city of Vienna by force of arms, although he manages to impose his terms of peace. Up to here the limit of expansion of the Turkish empire will arrive. (493 years ago)
1526: August 29
In the battle of Mohács, on the banks of the Danube, Suleiman II the Magnificent, commanding Ottoman troops, crushes the army of the King of Hungary and Bohemia, Louis II, who dies in the battle without leaving heirs, leaving the path to the beautiful Vienna city. The consequences for Hungary will be disastrous. (495 years ago)
1278: August 26
In Austria, in the battle of Durnkrut along the Morava River, the German Emperor Rudolf I defeats the Bohemian King Ottokar II who refuses to lose his Austrian territories. After the victory, Rodolfo orders the death of Ottokar leaving Bohemia under his dominion. (743 years ago)
996: November 1
The Holy German Emperor Otto III gifts a territory of about 8 km 2 called Ostattichi to the Bishop of Freising. The act of this donation is the first to speak of Austria and its foundation as such. (1025 years ago)
Outstanding births in Austria
1914: November 9
In Vienna (Austria), Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler was born. She will be an actress under the stage name of Hedy Lamarr, "the most beautiful woman in the history of cinema", Austrian telecommunications engineer and inventor, creator of the spread spectrum, a modulation technique used in telecommunications for the transmission of digital data and by radio frequency. . In his honor, the International Inventor's Day will be celebrated every 9 November. (107 years ago)
1902: July 28
Born in Vienna, Austria, the philosopher of the theory of science and sociologist, later a British national, Karl Popper. His vision of science appears in his work "The logic of scientific research" of 1934. (119 years ago)
1899: April 20
In Braunau am Inn, present-day Austria, was born Adolf Hitler, a German megalomaniac politician, who will establish a totalitarian regime as head of the German National Socialist Workers Party and will rule Germany cruelly as a dictator from 1933 to 1945. He will promote the military industry, which that will bring Germany out of the post-World War I economic crisis. He will order the invasion of Poland in 1939, being one of the triggers of the Second World War, which will end with the destruction of much of Europe. During his rule, Hitler will carry out the racial policy of the Nazi Party, the Holocaust, the death and displacement of millions of people. Finally, he committed suicide in 1945 with the fall of Berlin. (122 years ago)
1869: September 3
In Laibach (present-day Slovenia), the Austrian chemist and physiologist Fritz Pregl was born, who in 1923 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention of the method of microanalysis of organic substances. (152 years ago)
1868: June 14
The doctor Karl Landsteiner was born in Vienna (Austria), Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1930 for discovering and typifying blood groups and their compatibility to carry out blood transfusions, which will save many lives. You will classify the blood groups into four groups: A, B, O, and AB. It will also show that polio is infectious. Much later, together with Alexander Solomon Wiener, they will discover the existence of the Rhesus or Rh factor in the blood. (153 years ago)
1856: May 6
In Pribor, the Austrian Empire and present-day Czech Republic, Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist and freethinker, creator of psychoanalysis, was born. (165 years ago)
1832: July 6
Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg, Emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867, was born in Schönbrunn (Vienna, Austria). (189 years ago)
1830: August 18
In Vienna, Austria, Francisco José I was born, the eldest son of Archduke Francisco Carlos, brother and heir of the Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I. On December 2, 1848, he will be crowned Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary and King of Bohemia, among other titles. He will reign until his death in November 1916, making his reign of 68 years the third longest in European history. (191 years ago)
1825: October 25
In the city of Vienna (Austria), the musician and composer Johann Strauss Jr. was born. His father, Johann Strauss, also a composer and director, will not want his children to enter the world of music. He will stand out as a conductor and for his compositions of waltzes and polkas, and will be known worldwide for his famous waltz "On the beautiful Blue Danube" . (196 years ago)
1822: July 20
In Heinzendorf, Austria (now the Czech Republic), Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk and naturalist, was born. You will lay the mathematical foundations of genetic science by researching different varieties of pea and listing the so-called "Mendel's Laws" that govern genetic inheritance. (199 years ago)
1804: March 14
Born in Vienna (Austria) Johann Strauss Sr., Austrian composer of waltzes, polkas and military marches. (217 years ago)
1756: January 27
Born in Salzburg (Austria), Wolfang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer of the classical period. At four years old he will be a child prodigy who will interpret simple melodies in the harpsichord and compose small pieces. In time he will be one of the most influential musicians in the history of Western music and will compose more than 600 beautiful works that will cover almost all genres of the time. (265 years ago)
1755: November 2
In the rooms of the Hofbur Imperial Palace in Vienna (Austria), María Antonia Josefa Joana de Habsburgo-Lorena was born, who will be known as Marie Antoinette, daughter of Francisco I of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Empress Maria Teresa I of Austria. In 1770, at the age of fourteen, she married the then dauphin and future Louis XVI of France, in an attempt to strengthen ties between two historical enemies. In 1774 Louis XVI ascended to the throne of France and Marie Antoinette exerted great influence on her husband. His libertine and wasteful attitude, ignoring the misery of the people, will contribute greatly to the discredit of the monarchy in the years before the French Revolution of 1789. He will die by the guillotine in 1793. (266 years ago)
1732: March 31
Near Vienna, Austria, the Austrian composer Josef Haydn was born, who will be one of the most influential figures in the development of classical music. For his works in the genre of symphony and string quartets, he will be known as "Father" of both genres. You will get to achieve great notoriety which will bring you great income. (289 years ago)
1683: September 7
In the Austrian city of Linz, the daughter of Leopold I of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor of the Germanic Empire, and of Eleanor Magdalena, María Ana Josefa, Archduchess of Austria, is born, who, to reaffirm the Austro-Portuguese alliance, will marry Juan V of Portugal in 1708, being queen consort until the death of her husband in 1750. She will give birth to seven children, three of whom will come to the throne: José I king of Portugal, Bárbara de Braganza queen consort of Fernando VI of Spain and Pedro III king of Portugal. (338 years ago)
1459: March 22
Born in Vienna, Austria, Maximilian I of Habsburg, Germanic Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death in 1519. He will carry out the reform of the Reichstag in Worms that will conclude the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform), modifying a very large part of the constitution of the Empire to try to end the prevailing feudalism, gathering Diets with representation from the different estates, establishing a Regency Council and an Imperial Court to administer justice. It will carry out fragmentations in the districts, of an administrative and military nature. (562 years ago)
Reported deaths in Austria
1916: November 21
In his Palace in Vienna (Austria), Francisco José I of Habsburg-Lorraine, the last Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, died. (105 years ago)
1911: May 18
Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer and conductor, dies in Vienna (Austria), whose work is the highest peak of the romantic symphony. (110 years ago)
1897: April 3
In Vienna, Austria, the German composer Johannes Brahms dies, famous for his works for piano, chamber music and symphonies of deep lyricism. (124 years ago)
1849: September 25
Johann Strauss Sr., Austrian composer of waltzes, polkas and military marches, dies in Vienna (Austria). The "Radetzky March" will be his most popular work. (172 years ago)
1828: November 19
The romantic Austrian composer Franz Schubert dies in Vienna (Austria). He composed the so-called "Lieder" (short works for voice and piano, predecessors of modern song). (193 years ago)
1827: March 26
The German composer and universal genius of classical music, Ludwing van Beethoven, who is considered the main precursor of the transition from classicism to romanticism, dies in Vienna (Austria). He leaves a prolific work for generations to come, including his 9 symphonies, 7 concertos, 32 piano sonatas and his opera "Fidelio". (194 years ago)
1791: December 5
In the city of Vienna (Austria), Wolfang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer of the classical period and one of the most influential in the history of Western music, dies at the age of 34, probably from chronic kidney disease. (229 years ago)
1750: July 28
In Leipzig (Austria), Johann Sebastian Bach, prolific and famous German composer, whose work is considered the pinnacle of the Baroque, passes away. (271 years ago)
1741: July 28
Antonio Vivaldi, a Baroque composer and Italian violinist, died in Vienna (Austria), known, among others, for "The Four Seasons" , a concerto for violin and orchestra. (280 years ago)
1740: October 20
Carlos VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, dies in Vienna (Austria) from 1711 until his death, putting an end to the male line of the House of Austria that, for more than 300 years has given German emperors. His eldest daughter María Teresa will inherit the title, in this way the War of the Austrian Succession will begin. (281 years ago)
1564: July 27
Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg, son of Philip the Fair and Juana I of Castile, dies in Vienna, Austria. (457 years ago)
1564: July 25
The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria dies in Vienna, Austria. (457 years ago)
180: March 17
The Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, whose great work, "Meditations" , is a kind of interior testament valid for any age, passes away sick of the plague in Vindobona (present-day Vienna, Austria) , accepting fate with the self-confidence that it gives. serenity. (1841 years ago)
