Sarkozy Cruise

Despite the strong reactions of the Socialists in France and the riots in the Paris suburbs, the newly elected president continues his vacation

Despite strong reactions from the Socialists in France and riots in the Paris suburbs, the newly elected president is continuing his vacation. Nicolas Sarkozy stressed that he does not intend to apologize for this, noting that one of the most important obligations of a President is to remain calm and in the best possible mood. "I took two and a half days off and I do not think anyone can disagree with that," Sarkozy said. The Socialists, however, have a completely different view, accusing him of scandalous and dishonest behavior. Most French people are fighting for their daily necessities while Sarkozy appears on a huge yacht on holiday, a picture that is inconsistent with his claims to be the president of all France, said former Justice Minister Elizabeth Gigu. For his part, Sarkozy speaks of personal attacks against him and notes that he did not use the money of the French people but the yacht of a personal friend. To the scene of the tension, however, are added the riots in the degraded suburbs that have been taking place since Sunday night, the day of the election of Nicolas Sarkozy. Hundreds of cars have been set on fire and authorities have made at least 600 arrests. For his part, Sarkozy speaks of personal attacks against him and notes that he did not use the money of the French people but the yacht of a personal friend. To the scene of the tension, however, are added the riots in the degraded suburbs that have been taking place since Sunday night, the day of the election of Nicolas Sarkozy. Hundreds of cars have been set on fire and authorities have made at least 600 arrests. For his part, Sarkozy speaks of personal attacks against him and notes that he did not use the money of the French people but the yacht of a personal friend. To the scene of the tension, however, are added the riots in the degraded suburbs that have been taking place since Sunday night, the day of the election of Nicolas Sarkozy. Hundreds of cars have been set on fire and authorities have made at least 600 arrests.

Outstanding Facts in Saudi Arabia

1973: October 17OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) reaches an agreement to reduce oil extraction by 5% until Israel withdraws from the occupied territories during the Yom Kippur War. Failing to achieve a result, Saudi Arabia and other nations will cut oil production drastically and impose a full oil embargo against the United States and the Netherlands in response to their military support for Israel. The embargo will cause the biggest energy crisis in the United States and Europe and will initiate an unprecedented speculative escalation in the price of a barrel of oil. (48 years ago)

1963: June 2With a decree of the Regent Prince Faisal, slavery is abolished in Saudi Arabia, the last country that until yesterday officially recognized it. (58 years ago)

1945: March 22
They meet in Cairo (Egypt), to found the Arab League (organization of Arab states of the Middle East), representatives of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Iraq and Yemen. The League was created with the purpose of promoting economic development in the area, resolving possible disputes between member states by peaceful means, and coordinating political objectives. In 1950, two years after the creation of the State of Israel, the members of the Arab League signed a Treaty of Mutual Defense. Over time, 15 more countries will join the organization, which will also establish the creation of a common market in 1965. (76 years ago)

634: August 23
In Medina (Arabia) the new caliph Omar I was elected, a former enemy of Muhammad but who, upon converting to Islam, became a close collaborator and even married his daughter to the prophet. Omar I will extend the domination of Islam with his conquests of Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Persia. (1387 years ago)

627: March 31
In the surroundings of Medina (Saudi Arabia), the so-called "Battle of the Ditch or Trench" begins between the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, who had been exiled to Medina, and a coalition that had forced his exile in 622 from La Mecca. The battle is named after the Muslims dug a deep trench around their camp to avoid the charges of the enemy cavalry. Two weeks later and after the coalition was disbanded, Muhammad will achieve victory and about 900 losers will be beheaded and thrown into a pit. (1394 years ago)

622: September 24
Muhammad completes the "Hegira" to Medina from Mecca (Arabia). Mecca is the birthplace of Muhammad, the prophet and founder of Islam, and the holy center of Islam. In 610, north of Mecca, in a cave on Mount Hira, Muhammad, a rich and respected merchant, had a vision in which God commanded him to become the prophet of "true religion." From there, he will manage to gather a large group of supporters in Mecca, arousing the suspicion of the quraysi clan, lords of the city who will want his death. Muhammad will be forced to escape in what will be the beginning of the "Hijra", but in 630 he will return to Mecca as a conqueror. Upon his death in 632, Muhammad will leave an organized community, governed by the principles of the Qur'an. In 639, Caliph Umar I will mark the year of the Hegira as the first of the Muslim era, thus, 622 AD. C. will become 1 ah (anno hegirae) in the Muslim calendar. (1399 years ago)

622: September 20
Muhammad arrives in Medina (Saudi Arabia) fleeing from Mecca. Medina will become the capital of the flourishing Muslim state, until the year 661, when it will be replaced by Damascus, the capital of the Umayyad caliphs. In 683, the caliphs will attack Medina in the battle of al-Harra. After its subsequent sacking, the city will go into decline. (1399 years ago)

622: July 16
Faced with the danger of living in Mecca, Muhammad decides to move to Medina, a great agricultural oasis where he has his followers. Thus begins the "Age of Hegira". The Islamic calendar will count the dates from this moment on. In September he will arrive in Medina where he will take care of organizing the worship. (1399 years ago)

Outstanding births in Saudi Arabia
570: April 26
Tradition sets on this date the birth of the prophet Muhammad in Mecca, present-day Saudi Arabia, considered according to the Muslim religion, the "seal of the prophets" as he is the last of a long chain of messengers, sent by God to update his message. , which according to Islam, is essentially the same as that transmitted by its predecessors, including Ibrahim (Abraham), Isa (Jesus) and Musa (Moses). At the age of forty, Muhammad will retire to the desert where he will spend whole days in a cave on Mount Hira, and will receive the revelation of God (Allah), speaking to him through the archangel Gabriel who will communicate the secret of true faith. He will begin to preach in his hometown, where he will present himself as a continuation of the previous great monotheistic prophets. (1451 years ago)

Reported deaths in Saudi Arabia
2003: August 16
Refugee since 1979 in Jedda, Saudi Arabia, the tyrannical Ugandan dictator Idi Amin Dada dies, plunging Uganda into confusion in 8 years. Its repressive apparatus caused the death of nearly 300,000 countrymen and left their country bankrupt. (18 years ago)

1975: March 25
In Riyah, Saudi Arabia, Prince Faisal shoots and kills his uncle, King Faisal, for reasons that are still unknown today. During his reign King Faisal, son of King Ibn Saud, tried to modernize his country. His son, Crown Prince Khalid, succeeds him on the throne. (46 years ago)

644: November 3
In pursuit of revenge, a Persian Christian assassinates Caliph Oman I in Medina (Arabia), who at first was an enemy and later a faithful collaborator of Muhammad. (1377 years ago)

632: June 8
During a pilgrimage, Muhammad, founder of Islam, died in Medina (Arabia) at the age of 62. Thanks to his religious and political activity, he achieved the unity of the Arab peoples, allowing the founding of a kingdom that, based on Islam, achieved a position of strength against other great powers of the time. (1389 years ago)

Outstanding Events in Algeria

1989: February 17
In Marrakesh, the Arab Maghreb Union was created with the union of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania and Libya, generating great hopes before being gripped by the conflict in Western Sahara. (32 years ago)

1965: June 20
In Algiers, the capital of Algeria, the police repress demonstrations by hundreds of people who have taken to the streets launching slogans in support of the deposed President Ben Bella. The protests, which began as an orderly march of students, began to walk through the streets in small groups that, when trying to disperse them, caused riots. Former President Ahmed Ben Bella is being held in a military enclave in the Sahara. He was overthrown yesterday by the head of the armed forces Colonel Houari Boumedienne and his National Revolutionary Council. Ben Bella will remain under house arrest for 15 years. Once freed, he will go into exile in neutral Switzerland. (56 years ago)

1965: June 19
In Algeria, a military coup took place that overthrew Ahmed Ben Bella, the first president of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria after its independence from France in 1962 and leader of the Algerian liberation war, and gave power to Houari Boumedian. The causes lie in the continuous internal disputes of the FLN and the external pressures due to the problematic definition of the country's borders and its war with Morocco. Boumedian will establish a dictatorship and will base his economic policy on agrarian reform and nationalizations. (56 years ago)

1962: July 3
Algeria ends its war of liberation and gains its independence from France. (59 years ago)

1962: March 18
Finally, after years of struggle by the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) founded and led by Ahmed ben Bella in November 1954, in Evian, France, and with the supervision of Charles de Gaulle, the countries of France and Algeria sign a truce to end the liberation war and the 130 years of French rule. Algerian official independence will be declared on July 5. This process of independence has been one of the cruelest of African decolonization since, as there is a strong presence of Europeans residing in the country, they pressured France to prevent emancipation, since they would be the worst affected, which caused many deaths. on both sides and a harsh repression by the French army. (59 years ago)

1960: February 13
France, after its military disaster in French Indochina (present-day Vietnam), and the humiliation of the expropriation of the Suez Canal, which occurred in October 1956 when the United States left its allies without support, accelerates its nuclear program of defense and Today, it detonates its first test atomic bomb in the Algerian Sahara. (61 years ago)

1954: November 1
The Algerian National Liberation Front begins its long war of liberation against France, culminating in victory in 1962. (67 years ago) 1943: June 3During World War II, the French Committee for National Liberation was created in the city of Algiers (Algeria), with General Charles De Gaulle and General Giraud being named co-presidents. On the same date the following year, this Liberation Committee will be called the Provisional Government of the French Republic. (78 years ago)

1830: July 5
To put an end to Berber piracy, the French invade Algiers and the surrounding territories, thus beginning a long period of colonial rule in Algeria, which will last until 1962. (191 years ago)

1580: September 19
In the city of Algiers (now Algeria) Miguel de Cervantes is released, after five years of captivity in the hands of the corsairs, thanks to the payment of a ransom and the mediation of the Trinitarian Fathers. In 1605 he published the first part of "Don Quixote" . (441 years ago)

Outstanding births in Algeria
1913: November 7
In Mondovi, in the bosom of a family of French settlers dedicated to the cultivation of cashew nuts in the Algerian department of Constantine, Albert Camus was born, novelist, essayist, playwright and French philosopher who will be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957 to the 44 years. "The Stranger" , his first novel, is perhaps his best known work, where the protagonist seems to accept life as something automatic. that is undermining their humanity and dignity. (108 years ago)

354: November 13
In Tagaste, a small city of Numidia (now Algeria), Saint Augustine was born, the author of "The Confessions" and "The City of God" , he will be bishop of Hippo from 396 to 430, and one of the most important Christian thinkers together with Saint Paul. (1667 years ago)

Reported deaths in Algeria
1978: December 27
In Algiers, the capital of Algeria, Houari Boumedienne, an Algerian politician, president of his country from the 1965 coup until his death, dies. (42 years ago)

430: August 28
In the city of Hipona (present-day Algeria), which is under siege by Vandal troops, Saint Augustine, author of "The Confessions" and "The City of God" , bishop of Hippo from 396 until his death, dies , one of the most important Christian thinkers together with Saint Paul and great doctor of the Church. (1591 years ago)

Outstanding Events in Agentina

1998: November 2
In the city of Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina, the fourth session of the Conference of the Parties on Climate Change takes place until the 13th, under the auspices of the UN, a very serious problem facing humanity. The meeting will end with the adoption of an Action Plan, which will set deadlines for the finalization of agreements on the mechanisms proposed in Kyoto and the policies to be adopted. (23 years ago)

1994: October 21
An international arbitral tribunal rules in favor of Argentina in its conflict with Chile over a narrow valley between rectangular mountains 12 km wide and some 44 km long known as the "Lago del Desierto", a border area between the two countries of 530 square kilometers. (27 years ago)

1983: October 30
In Argentina, after the fall of the military regime, Raúl Alfonsín, candidate of the Radical Civic Union, wins the elections. During his mandate, until July 1989, he will have to face two major problems: consolidating the democracy that has just emerged from the dictatorship, permeating all areas of society with it, while monitoring the Armed Forces suspicious of any change and fight inflation and the debt crisis. (38 years ago)

1982: June 14
Surrender of the Argentine troops in Port Stanley (capital of the Falkland Islands) two months after the start of hostilities between Argentina and the United Kingdom. In the Falklands War, almost 700 Argentines and just over 200 British have died. (39 years ago)

1982: May 4
In the framework of the Falklands War, the British ship HMS Sheffield (type 42 destroyer) is hit in its control room by a French-made Exocet missile, fired from an Argentine fighter bomber. The impact is followed by a terrifying fire that causes highly toxic smoke. The ship sinks shortly after, resulting in 20 crew killed and 30 more injured. This sinking moves the British nation which will frustrate any possible diplomatic solution to the current controversy over the Falkland Islands. As if that weren't enough, a British vertical take-off Harrier was also shot down today. (39 years ago)

1982: May 1
In the context of the Falklands War, British planes carried out bombardments on two runways near Port Stanley, the capital of the Falkland Islands, which are currently occupied by Argentine forces. The objective of the attack is to prevent the Argentines from landing their supply planes or from attacking the British fleet in the 200-mile exclusion zone, decreed by the British Government. (39 years ago)

1982: April 2
The Argentine military regime, beset by serious problems, and to reestablish control of the internal situation, decides to invade the Malvinas archipelago, inhabited by just over 2,000 people, all of them British subjects, and claim their sovereignty. (39 years ago)

1982: March 19
During the Argentine military dictatorship of the government of Leopoldo Galtieri, whose prestige is clearly deteriorated with street demonstrations demanding freedom that are harshly repressed, and somehow needing popular support and diverting social attention from the internal problems that affect him. drown, today, a group of 50 Argentines lands in Leith Harbor, in South Georgia, a British colony very close to the Falkland Islands, in the South Atlantic, and plants the flag of their nation, one more step in the provocation Argentina from the so-called "Operation Rosario" until the total invasion of the islands on April 2. (39 years ago)

1977: April 30
In Buenos Aires, Argentina, Azucena Villafor de Vicenti and 13 other mothers demonstrate for the first time, and with great courage, in the Plaza de Mayo, in front of the government headquarters (Casa Rosada), to request information on their kidnapped children, tortured and murdered by the military dictatorship, considered the bloodiest in the history of the country, characterized by a constant violation of Human Rights. Faced with the police order not to stop or group together, but to circulate, the Mothers decide to walk around the aforementioned Plaza. (44 years ago)

1976: March 24
The Argentine army, with General Videla in command, gives a coup d'etat deposition of President Isabel Martínez de Perón, implanting an iron and bloody military dictatorship that will last until 1983 during which students, trade unionists, intellectuals and other professionals will be kidnapped. , tortured, assassinated or simply "disappear". (45 years ago)

1974: June 29
In Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, María Estela Martínez de Perón, "Isabelita", assumes the leadership of the State, due to the health problems suffered by her husband, President Juan Domingo Perón, who will die two days later. In this way, she becomes the first woman to hold the Presidency of her country. With it, one of the darkest periods in Argentine history will begin. On March 24, 1976, she will be overthrown by a military coup led by General Jorge Rafael Videla. (47 years ago)

1973: March 11
In the elections held today in Argentina, the Peronist doctor Héctor Cámpora wins the victory. He will assume the Presidency on May 25 and 49 days later he will resign from his position to allow the holding of new elections in which Juan Domingo Perón, who has returned from exile, can participate. (48 years ago)

1966: June 28
In Argentina, constitutional president Arturo Umberto Illía is overthrown by the Armed Forces led by General Juan Carlos Onganía, origin of the dictatorship called the "Argentine Revolution", in which the coup plotters claim to establish themselves in power permanently. (55 years ago)

1962: March 29
In Argentina, the Armed Forces confine President Arturo Frondizi to Martín García Island. They annul the elections and designate José María Guido, president of the Senate, to occupy the presidency in order to maintain an image of civil government. (59 years ago)

1960: May 27
In Argentina, the Israeli secret services kidnap the Nazi and war criminal Adolf Eichmann, transferring him incognito to Israel for a summary trial. (61 years ago)

1955: September 16
In Córdoba, Argentina, retired artillery general Eduardo Lonardi leads a military uprising against the constitutional government of Juan Domingo Perón. The coup extends to Buenos Aires and other cities. On September 19, Perón will resign requesting asylum at the Paraguayan embassy. Lonardi assumes power as provisional president of what he calls the "Liberating Revolution." (66 years ago)

1955: June 16
In Buenos Aires, Argentina, members of the armed forces and Civil Commands, made up of conservatives, radicals, and sectors of the Catholic Church, unsuccessfully try to take the Casa Rosada and take President Juan Domingo Perón prisoner. The president seeks refuge in the building of the Ministry of War and prepares to quell the rebellion. At noon, 20 Gloster Meteor planes of the Navy bombard and machine-gun the government headquarters and the Plaza de Mayo. The rebel pilots drop nine and a half tons of explosives. The balance of barbarism is more than 360 dead and about 2,000 wounded. The failed coup plotters flee to Uruguay, where they request political asylum. (66 years ago)

1951: November 11
In Argentina, after having won the presidential elections for the period 1946-1952, Juan Domingo Perón was reelected president. During this second term, he will face serious problems and will be dismissed by a military coup in September 1955. He will temporarily take refuge in the neighboring country of Paraguay. Later he will go to Panama from where, after a brief stay, he will travel to Madrid (Spain) and marry María Estela Martínez de Perón. (70 years ago)

1946: February 24
In Argentina Juan Domingo Perón is elected president, for the period 1946-1952, with 56% of the votes. Perón had been imprisoned in 1945, after a civil and military uprising, but the mobilizations of the workers demanding his freedom and the insistence of his wife, Eva Duarte de Perón, forced his release. In 1947, with favorable economic conditions and with the support of the General Labor Confederation, he created the Peronist Party. After this presidency, he will win the elections two more times, in 1951 and 1973. (75 years ago)

1944: February 25
In Argentina, Vice President Edelmiro Julián Farrell assumes power after the resignation yesterday of the dictator Pedro Pablo Ramírez due to the pressure received from the chiefs and officers of the garrisons of the Federal Capital, Campo de Mayo, Palomar and La Plata. (77 years ago)

1944: January 15
An earthquake in the city of San Juan (Argentina) reaches 7.4 degrees on the Ritcher scale, with the focus at a depth of about 30 kilometers, causing the death of between 8,000 and 10,000 people. According to investigations carried out years later, this death toll was due, more than to the violence of the earthquake, to the type of construction that existed at that time. Reconstruction will last until 1960. (77 years ago)

1926: February 10
The Spanish aviators Franco, Ruiz de Alda, Durán and Rada arrive in Río de la Plata (Argentina), where they are received as heroes, after having traveled 10,270 km aboard the Dornier Wal hydroplane, baptized as "Plus Ultra", and fulfilled the dream of uniting Europe with Latin America by air. The trip, which had started in La Rábida (Spain) on January 22, was made with stopovers in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Praia (Cape Verde), Fernando de Noronha (Pernambuco, Brazil), Recife (Pernambuco, Brazil ), Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo (Uruguay). They have been on the air for a total of 59 hours and 39 minutes. (95 years ago)

1908: January 27
In Buenos Aires (Argentina), shortly after the current National Congress building was inaugurated, President José Figueroa Alcorta ordered the police to occupy it for not approving the budget signed in the agreement of ministers on January 25. A federal judge will later decree that no public authority can by law occupy the Congress building by force or prevent congressmen from entering it. (113 years ago)

1904: March 13
In the morning, in Las Cuevas, an Argentine town in the Department of Las Heras, Mendoza, located in the Andes Mountains on the border between Argentina and Chile, the foreign ministers of both countries together with other civil, ecclesiastical and military authorities, They inaugurate the monument of Christ the Redeemer which will be a symbol of friendship between the two peoples. On the monument there is an inscription with a message from Pope Pius XII, which is read in this act by the Bishop of San Carlos, and which says: "These mountains will collapse first before Chileans and Argentines break the peace sworn at the foot of Christ. Redeemer". This symbolic ceremony puts an end to the tense disagreements that have arisen between both parties, which due to border issues have been on the verge of unleashing a terrible warlike conflict. (117 years ago)

1882: November 19
In Argentina, the governor of Buenos Aires, Dardo Rocha, lays the first stone of the city of La Plata, with the idea that it will become the maritime capital of the nation. (139 years ago)

1865: May 1
Although the war began in December of last year, the Triple Alliance treaty between Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay is signed today in secret in the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina), to face Paraguay, ruled by Marshal Francisco Solano Lopez. The contest, which will conclude in March 1870 with the Paraguayan defeat, will be the bloodiest in South America. (156 years ago)

1864: November 12
As a consequence of the capture of the Brazilian ship "Marqués de Olinda" by Paraguay, in retaliation for the Brazilian invasion of Uruguay, a war begins between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) that will last until 1870. (Makes 157 years)

1860: October 21
In Argentina, a national convention proclaims and swears in the Constitution, based on that of 1853, of which 22 amendments have been proposed and finally accepted. By article 3, of the new Constitution, the city declared by Congress by a special law is declared the capital of the Argentine Confederation, prior assignment of the territory by the corresponding law. (161 years ago)

1857: August 30The locomotive called "La Porteña", which pulls a small passenger convoy, inaugurates in Buenos Aires the first railway line to be built in the Argentine Republic: the West Railroad, which runs from El Parque, which is the current location of the Theater Colon, to La Floresta. (164 years ago)

1853: May 1
In Argentina, the Constituent Assembly approves the Constitution putting an end to civil wars and laying the foundations of the National Organization. (168 years ago)

1852: May 31
In Argentina, the National Agreement of San Nicolás de los Arroyos is signed, to lay the foundations of the national organization and a Constituent Congress is convened from where the National Constitution will come out, sanctioned on May 11, 1853 and promulgated on May 25, 1853. month to be sworn in on July 9 of the same year. (169 years ago)

1850: August 31
The Arana-Le Prédour treaty is signed in Buenos Aires, Argentina, by which France, which has resisted to the end, undertakes to withdraw its forces from the Río de la Plata, concluding the economic blockade on the port of Buenos Aires, at the same time that it recognizes the independence of the Argentine nation. (171 years ago)

1838: March 28
A French squadron blocks the port of Buenos Aires to obtain freedom of navigation on the Argentine rivers, after the government of Manuel Rosas has decided to put a 25% surcharge on the rights of the goods that arrive from abroad bound for Buenos Aires. Aires and that have been transshipped in the port of Montevideo, and to achieve exemption from military service to French citizens. The French intervention will last for two years and will have important economic consequences on the Buenos Aires coffers. In October 1840, with the signing of the Mackau-Arana treaty (names of the negotiators), the blockade will end. The Argentine government will undertake to compensate French citizens and will also exempt them from performing military service. (183 years ago)

1837: May 19
In Argentina, which aims at the province of Tarija (now Bolivia) and the part of the Chaco territory that ranges from the Bermejo River to the Pilcomayo, Juan Manuel de Rosas, in charge of managing the foreign relations of the Argentine Confederation and governor of Buenos Aires Aires, issues a decree declaring war on the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. In addition, Rosas accuses Bolivian dictator Andrés de Santa Cruz of favoring the enemies of the government of Buenos Aires and even making deals with revolutionaries from the Unitary Party asylum seekers in Uruguay. The war will be concluded on April 26, 1839 with the military victory of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. Shortly after the overthrow of Santa Cruz, (184 years ago)

1827: February 20
In the framework of the Argentine-Brazilian War (1825-1828) the decisive Battle of Ituzaingó takes place, near the ford of Rosario, which is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (present-day Brazil). In this battle, the joint Army of Argentina and Uruguay defeats the troops of the Empire of Brazil, being the embryo of the Preliminary Peace Convention to be signed in 1828, by which Uruguay will be recognized as an independent, free and sovereign State. On the battlefield, the Brazilians leave some 1,200 casualties, 400 dead and wounded, and 800 prisoners; on the contrary, the Argentines and Uruguayans about 150 dead and 260 wounded. (194 years ago)

1827: February 16
In present-day Uruguay, Argentine and Brazilian troops face each other in the battle of Ombú for control of the Banda Oriental, which has belonged to Brazil since 1824. The Argentines, under the command of General Lucio Norberto Mansilla, attack the Brazilian troops of Bento Manuel Ribeiro , which are scattered. For this fact, Mansilla will be decorated by the federal government, and the commander of the Argentine forces Carlos María de Alvear, will be appointed chief of the General Staff. (194 years ago)

1822: January 25
In present-day Argentina, with the representatives of the four provinces, Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Corrientes, the signing of the Quadrilateral Treaty is concluded, an alliance against a possible foreign aggression, by Spanish or Portuguese. (199 years ago)

1821: April 5
In the Brazilian municipality of Bagé, the Battle of Camacuá takes place, a confrontation between Argentina and Brazil for control of the Banda Oriental. It will be Argentina's last victory in the Brazilian campaign. (200 years ago)

1820: November 24
After the battle of Cepeda, fought on February 1 of this year, the representatives of the provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe, Generals Martín Rodríguez and Estanislao López respectively, meet today at the Tiburcio Benegas ranch, located on the banks of the Arroyo del Medio (Argentina), and put an end to the war between Buenos Aires and Santa Fe, by signing the Treaty of Benegas, which also establishes the meeting of a future congress in Córdoba. (200 years ago)

1820: March 22
In current Argentina, as a regional response to the problem of the anarchized country, the governor of the Province of Tucumán, Bernabé Aráoz proclaims the Federal Republic of Tucumán as independent from a central government, to become part of a Federal State with the other provinces . This adventure will last until August of next year. (201 years ago)

1820: February 1
In Argentina, in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, the federals defeat the Unitarians in the Battle of Cepeda, supporters of a strong central government, as a result of which the General Congress will be dissolved and the Buenos Aires Cabildo will resume the control of this city and its provincial territory, at the same time that an interim governor will be appointed, which will imply the extinction of the national government. From then on, the provinces, still strongly autonomous, will continue a structure strengthened by a series of interprovincial pacts (Treaty of Benegas and the Quadrilateral). (201 years ago)

1817: January 17
Although they are leaving from the 12th, and will still do so until the 18th, today a column of soldiers under the command of General San Martín leaves from El Plumerillo (Argentina) to cross the Andes mountain range, one of the highest mountain ranges in the world, and liberate the peoples of Chile and Peru. In April 1818, by winning the battle of Maipú, they will ensure the independence of Chile. (204 years ago)

1816: September 13
In Buenos Aires (Argentina), in a public act in the current Plaza de Mayo, independence is sworn, declared on July 9 of this year by the Congress of Tucumán. (205 years ago)

1816: July 9
In present-day Argentina, in the Congress of Tucumán, Juan Francisco Narciso de Laprida, who chairs the session, asks those present: "Do you want the provinces of the Union to be a free and independent nation from the kings of Spain and their metropolis? ? ", to which the deputies answered affirmatively. Next, the Emancipation Act is drawn up proclaiming its independence from Spain, which is signed by the deputies who have come on horseback, in stagecoaches or carts, on roads in poor condition and for long days, and that the people will celebrate with joy. Even in the evening of the following day a gala ball will be held to celebrate it. (205 years ago)

1814: September 10
By decree of this date, in Buenos Aires (Argentina), the supreme director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Gervasio Posadas, separates the province of Entre Ríos from that of Corrientes, separating them from the Government of Buenos Aires and setting their respective jurisdictions with their own holders. (207 years ago)

1813: May 11
In Argentina, the General Constituent Assembly approves the lyrics of the "Patriotic March" , the National Anthem, composed by Vicente López y Planes. (208 years ago)

1813: April 13
José Gervasio Artigas, from his camp located near the Ayuí Grande stream, a few kilometers north of the current city of Concordia (in the current Argentine Republic), dictates and sends to Buenos Aires his famous "Instructions", a program that represents a fair interpretation of the revolutionary movement that will give independence to America in which it claims the Declaration of Independence from Spanish power, civil and religious freedom, federative political organization, autonomous states, equality of the provinces through a reciprocal pact and, finally That Buenos Aires is not the seat of the central government. The diplomas of the Eastern deputies will be rejected by the Assembly, using the nullity of their election as a legal argument. (208 years ago)

1813: February 20
General Belgrano's forces defeat General Tristán's royalists in the battle of Salta, decisive for the independence of Argentina. (208 years ago)

1813: February 3
In the Argentine province of Santa Fe, the Victory of San Lorenzo takes place, in the homonymous town, by 120 grenadiers on horseback under the command of General San José de San Martín, who thus achieves his first triumph in American lands, a prologue to his brilliant military history in Latin America. The objective of the combat is to defend the coastline from Zárate to Santa Fé from the royalists under the command of the Spanish royalist Commander Antonio Zabala, who has just invaded the territory. (208 years ago)

1813: January 31
In the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina), the General Constituent Assembly is inaugurated, initiating its sessions and electing Carlos de Alvear as president. It declares itself sovereign, abolishes the noble titles, eliminates the mayorazgo, declares the freedom of wombs (the children born to the slaves are free), prohibits the tributes and personal services of the Indians and makes the coat of arms and the national anthem official. , but it does not declare independence since de Alvear considers such a declaration early and not timely. (208 years ago)

1812: September 24
In the vicinity of the Argentine city of San Miguel de Tucumán, the Battle of Tucumán takes place in which the Argentine forces under the command of General Manuel Belgrano, defeat the royalist troops of General Pío Tristán, who double in number. (209 years ago)

1812: April 4
For the first time, a General Assembly, called the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, meets in Buenos Aires, present-day Argentina, which declares itself sovereign and has representatives from the capital and the provinces. (209 years ago)

1812: February 27
During the war for the Independence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Manuel Belgrano flies the Argentine flag for the first time in the city of Rosario, looking for a visible symbol for the national revolution. To do this, it adopts the colors blue and white. (209 years ago)

1812: February 13
In the city of Rosario (Argentina), General Manuel Belgrano proposes to the Government the creation of a national banner in order to motivate the troops in the fight for independence, given that the Army corps use different banners. On February 18, the Triumvirate will approve the use of the white and blue flag. (209 years ago)

1810: May 29
The First Argentine Board, headed by Cornelio Saavedra, decrees the creation of the national military bodies, to ensure the "defense and self-determination of the Argentine people, and for their territorial integrity." (211 years ago)

1810: May 25
The so-called "May Revolution" culminates in Buenos Aires, which began on the 18th, due to the instability of the government of Spain, when a group of revolutionaries deposed the viceroy and organized a new government Junta, known as the first National Government that is considered heir and not enemy of Spain. This fact will change the course of the country and the mentality of its inhabitants, accelerating the independence process. (211 years ago)

1807: July 5
In Buenos Aires, present-day Argentina, the English troops are reduced by the Regiment of Patricios commanded by Cornelio Judas Tadeo de Saavedra y Rodríguez. The English take refuge in the Church of Santo Domingo where many are annihilated by the Creoles. Two days later, on the 7th, John Whitelocke will capitulate with Liniers and the immediate abandonment of all the invaders of the Río de la Plata will be agreed. Thus ends the second British invasion after last year. (214 years ago)

1807: June 28
In present-day Argentina, the English general Whitelocke disembarks with some 8,000 men in the Barragan cove and sets out to conquer the city of Buenos Aires, besieging it on July 4. Finally, on July 5, after a fierce fighting through the streets of the city, Whitelocke will lose more than half of his soldiers among casualties and prisoners. On July 7, the English general will agree to capitulate and will retire with his men from Buenos Aires. It will definitely leave the territory of the eastern band on September 9. (214 years ago)

1806: June 27
As a result of the alliance between Napoleon and Spain, a force of 1,500 British soldiers under the command of William Carr Beresford occupies the city of Buenos Aires, in what will be the first English invasion of the city. Six weeks later the English will surrender to the local militias led by the French nobleman Santiago de Liniers, in the service of Spain. In May 1807 there will be another second invasion, this time much better planned. (215 years ago)

1806: June 25
After the English invasions of 1763 and 1765, today, the British forces under the command of Brigadier Beresford began the landing on the beaches of Quilmes very close to Buenos Aires, Argentina, initiating the third invasion. Viceroy Sobremonte, who is in command of the Buenos Aires city, will try to defend himself but will be defeated. On June 27 in the afternoon, Beresford will arrive at the city fort where he will receive the capitulation of Buenos Aires. In Montevideo, the captain of the frigate Liniers will organize the reconquest and thus, on August 12 of this year, the army commanded by Liniers will begin the reconquest of Buenos Aires. Finally Beresford will surrender along with all his men. (215 years ago)

1600: January 24
The Falkland Islands receive the first truly verified visit from a Dutchman named Sebald de Weert. (421 years ago)

1593: April 19
In present-day Argentina, Francisco de Argañaraz y Murguía founded San Salvador de Velazco in the Jujuy Valley, after the founding of a city in the aforementioned valley has been delayed by the militant indigenous opposition to the entry of the Spanish, although What really had more weight was the fratricidal struggle that was sustained among themselves by the Spaniards of Chile and Peru, who wanted to achieve control of the territory of Tucumán. Later, during the wars for independence, Jujuy became the scene of battles between the Army of the North and the royalist forces. (428 years ago)

1588: April 3
In present-day Argentina, and following orders from Juan Torres de Vera y Aragón, the conquerors Alonso de Vera and Hernandarias de Saavedra founded San Juan de la Vera de las Siete Corrientes, now Corrientes. They have arrived at this place after 4 months of painful march and continuous siege by the Guarani. (433 years ago)

1582: April 16
In present-day Argentina, Hernando de Lerma, governor of Tucumán, following orders from the viceroy of Peru, Francisco de Toledo, founds the city of San Felipe de Lerma in the Salta valley, in order to create a stopover in communications between Lima. and Buenos Aires. The town will later be called only Salta. (439 years ago)

1580: June 11
The Spanish Juan de Garay, under the command of some officers and sixty volunteers, founded the new city of the Holy Trinity, the current Buenos Aires (Argentina), after the failure of the first by the advanced Pedro de Mendoza who did so in February of 1536, but after the siege to which it was subjected by the Querandi Indians, they decided to abandon it in 1541. Juan de Garay, as promised, distributes land and livestock to those who accompany him on this expedition and for himself. (441 years ago)

1573: July 6
In the current province of Córdoba (Argentina), the Spanish forward Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera founded on the left bank of the Suquía River, in a place called Quisquisacate, the village of Córdoba La Llana de la Nueva Andalucía. In 1599, the Jesuit religious arrived, settling there to make these lands their central point for evangelization. (448 years ago)

1561: March 2
In the Valley of Güentota in present-day Argentina, the Spanish Pedro del Castillo founded the city of Mendoza, and named it Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja, in honor of the governor and captain general of Chile, García Hurtado de Mendoza. On March 28, 1562, the city was transferred very close to there by Captain Juan Jufré. (460 years ago)

1542: January 31
The Spanish navigator and explorer Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, while making a land expedition from the Atlantic Ocean to Asunción del Paraguay, discovers the Iguazú Falls, on the current borders of Brazil and Argentina, one of the most impressive natural beauties on the planet. , which will be declared a Natural World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1984. (479 years ago)

1536: February 3
The expedition of the advanced Pedro de Mendoza entered the Río de la Plata and founded a fort that he called Puerto de Nuestra Señora del Buen Ayre, this being the first settlement in the current location of the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The second foundation will be made by Juan de Garay in 1580, who will call it Ciudad de Trinidad. (485 years ago)

1535: August 24
The expedition of the Spanish admiral and conqueror Pedro de Mendoza, composed of more than a dozen ships and about 2,200 men, sets sail from the Cadiz port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Spain), with the mission of transporting to the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina) a group of settlers, a hundred horses, build three forts and build a royal road from the Río de la Plata to the Pacific Ocean, all with the aim of winning the Portuguese in the race to obtain the riches that the legends of Indigenous. He will arrive at his destination in mid-January 1536, and on February 3 he will found in that place a port defended by a fort which he will baptize with the name Santa María del Buen Ayre, future Buenos Aires. (486 years ago)

1526: January 15
A maritime expedition sets sail from the port of La Coruña (Spain), led by the Spanish explorer Diego García de Moguer, to discover the route of spices. During his trip, in February 1528, he will explore the Río de la Plata (estuary in the Atlantic Ocean formed by the union of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers) to investigate the myth of the Sierra de la Plata and will enter the Paraná river, describing the towns that inhabit its shores and its wealth, for which the exploration of the estuary of the Río de la Plata will be attributed. (495 years ago)

1520: October 21
Magellan's fleet reaches a cape south of Patagonia that marks the strait that separates the South American continent from Tierra del Fuego. They have just discovered the passage to the west they are looking for. Later, and in his honor, this strait will bear his name. (501 years ago)

Outstanding births in Argentina
1928: June 14
Born in Rosario, Argentina, Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Argentinean-Cuban revolutionary, politician, writer, journalist and doctor, commander and ideologist of the Cuban Revolution. (93 years ago)

1919: May 7
In Junín, Buenos Aires province (Argentina), María Eva Duarte was born, an Argentine actress and politician who in 1945 married Juan Domingo Perón and a year later became first lady. It will win the sympathy of the people, and promote the recognition of workers' rights. He will fight for the female vote. (102 years ago)

1911: June 24 In the town of Rojas, Argentina, the writer Ernesto Sabato was born, author of novels such as "The tunnel" and different essays on the human condition. His novel "On heroes and tombs" , from 1961, where he exposes his vision of loneliness, will be considered the best Argentine novel of the 20th century and one of the top works of all Ibero-American literature. (110 years ago)

1899: August 24
Born in Buenos Aires (Argentina) Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer, one of the glories of Latin American letters as well as one of the most prominent authors of 20th century Spanish literature, with works of short stories, essays and poetry, creator of masterpieces such as "The Library of Babel". (122 years ago)

1895: October 8
In the Argentine city of Lobos, Juan Domingo Perón was born, an Argentine politician and military man, three times president of the nation, and founder in 1945 of the Peronist movement, with great support among the working class. (126 years ago)

1852: July 12
In the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina), Hipólito Yrigoyen was born, who will be an Argentine politician and a leading figure of the Radical Civic Union and President of the Argentine Nation in two terms (1916 - 1922 and 1928 - 1930), being the first president of the Argentine history in being elected by universal male, secret and compulsory suffrage. In 1930 he was deposed by the first coup in contemporary Argentina. (169 years ago)

1846: October 11
In the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina, the lawyer and politician Carlos Pellegrini was born. In 1890, being vice president, he assumed the presidency of the nation after the resignation of its owner Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman after an insurrection called the Revolution of 91. (175 years ago)

1837: October 3
In the Argentine town of San Miguel de Tucumám, Nicolás Avellaneda was born, a lawyer, journalist, politician and statesman who will be president of Argentina between 1874 and 1880. (184 years ago)

1834: November 10
The poet José Hernández, author, among others, of the unique narrative poem "Martín Fierro" was born in San Martín (Argentina). (187 years ago)

1778: February 25
José de San Martín was born in Yapeyú, present-day Argentina, who will become an Argentine military man and together with Simón Bolívar will be considered the most important liberator in South America. His military campaigns will be decisive for the independence of Argentina, Chile and Peru. He will die suddenly in his retirement from Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, on August 17, 1850. (243 years ago)

1757: June 18
Gervasio Antonio de Posadas y Dávila, Argentine politician and patriot, was born in the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina). In 1811 he joined the liberal patriotic society of Mariano Moreno, in favor of freedom of trade with Great Britain and for that reason he was expatriated to the city of Mendoza. In 1813, he will be part of the Constituent Assembly and will enter the second triumvirate. In January 1814 he assumed the position of supreme director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, a position he would hold until January 1815. (264 years ago)

Deaths reported in Argentina
2011: April 30
In the town of Santos Places, Argentina, the writer and essayist Ernesto Sabato, author of novels such as "On heroes and tombs" or "The tunnel" and different essays , dies . He was a great fighter against the Argentine dictatorship and was considered one of the greats of Latin American literature, not only for his novels, but also for his extensive essay work on the human condition. He was awarded the Cervantes Prize in 1984. (10 years ago)

2010: October 27
Néstor Kirchner, a lawyer and politician who ruled Argentina from 2003 to 2007, dies in El Calafate, Santa Cruz (Argentina) and at the time of his death he was president of the Justicialist Party. The former Argentine president had strong support among popular sectors of the population thanks to his economic policy that led to Argentina's recovery after the terrible crisis that sowed chaos in the country in 2000. (11 years ago)

1952: July 26
In the city of Buenos Aires, a cancer victim, María Eva Duarte de Perón dies at the age of 33, a controversial figure who won the sympathy of the people, and as first lady promoted the recognition of workers' rights and fought for the female vote. (69 years ago)

1933: July 3
In Buenos Aires, Argentina, Hipólito Yrigoyen, Argentine politician of the Radical Civic Union, president of his country on two occasions (1916-1922 and 1928-1930), dies. (88 years ago)

1868: January 2
Marcos Paz, victim of the cholera epidemic that devastates the capital, dies in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was a great figure in Argentine politics, governor of Tucumán and Córdoba, and vice president of the Nation. (153 years ago)

1820: June 20
In the city of Buenos Aires (present-day Argentina) ravaged by civil war, Manuel Belgrano, creator of the Argentine national flag and one of the most notable economists, dies of dropsy and extreme poverty, as well as a forerunner of national journalism and promoter of popular education, national industry and social justice. (201 years ago)

Outstanding Facts in Australia

2000: September 15
With the presence of 200 countries, the XXIV Olympics of the Modern Era are inaugurated in Sydney (Australia). They will close on October 1. (21 years ago)

1979: July 11
Five years after completing the mission of its last crew, the first American space station, weighing 75 tons, called "Skylab", fell on Australia. The station was launched into space and put into orbit in 1973. (42 years ago)

1956: November 22
With the presence of 72 countries and 2,938 athletes, the XIII Olympics of the Modern Era are inaugurated in Melbourne (Australia), and for the equestrian events in Stockholm. They will close on December 8. Boycotts of countries began to take place due to the tensions derived from the cold war. (65 years ago)

1927: May 9
The Australian federal government is transferred to the city of Canberra proclaiming itself as the new capital of Australia to the detriment of Melbourne. (94 years ago)

1913: March 12
Construction begins on Canberra, the capital of Australia, named after the wife of Governor General Lord Thomas Denman. In 1908 its capital was chosen as a compromise between Sydney and Melbourne, the two great cities that competed for that title. (108 years ago)

1859: November 24
Charles Darwin publishes his great work "The Origin of Species" , the result of more than 20 years of research work, meticulous and detailed observation and trips aboard the beautiful brig "Beagle" as a naturalist, on a journey that lasted five years for both coasts of South America, Galapagos, Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, Keeling Island, Mauritius, Brazil and the Azores. He was able to perceive the subtle differences between the birds of the Galapagos archipelago that live in different natural environments. In his book he scientifically manifests his theory of natural selection as the cause of the evolutionary impulse of species. The inspiration for this theory was found in the great English economist Thomas Malthus. (162 years ago)

1788: January 26
Arthur Phillip, British captain, landed 1,030 immigrants in Australia, including 736 inmates. The objective is the rapid colonization of Australia and the decongestion of English prisons. With them they founded the city of Sydney, the first European colony on this continent. (233 years ago)

1642: November 24
The Dutch explorer and navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman, in the service of the Netherlands East India Company, who set sail from Batavia (Jakarta) on August 14 to investigate the viability of a sea passage to Chile from the east and to explore New Guinea, he discovers the current island of Tasmania, which he named "Van Diemen's Land" in honor of the Governor General of his Company. Later, British colonizers will change the name. Also, when you are making your return trip to Jakarta on January 21, 1643, you will discover the archipelago of the Tonga Islands. (379 years ago)

Outstanding Events in Austria

1975: December 21
Venezuelan Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, better known by the nickname "Carlos the Jackal", leads a terrorist action against the Oil Ministers, who are attending a meeting of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) in Vienna. In it, they kill three people and take 63 hostages, including 11 OPEC ministers. "Carlos" demands that an anti-Israel political statement be broadcast on the radio and a bus and a jet plane be made available to him. The Austrian authorities agree to his request. The hostages will be released unharmed in Algeria in exchange for a significant amount of money. For years his trail will be lost until in 1994 the Sudanese authorities hand him over to France, (45 years ago)

1961: June 3
In Vienna, Austria, and with the aim of evaluating Khrushchev, discovering his views on the nuclear race and other issues, as well as getting an impression of his personality, US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy meets for the first time. the first Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev. At the end of day 4, the meeting will not mean a victory or a defeat but something "useful" and "necessary", in the words of both leaders. (60 years ago)

1957: July 29
In Vienna (Austria) the International Atomic Energy Agency begins to function, which in November will be defined as an autonomous body of the UN, whose main function will be to serve as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the field of energy use. for peaceful purposes, for which it will have advisers, equipment and training to provide assistance to developing governments promoting the transmission of knowledge and skills, so that recipient countries can effectively and safely execute their development programs of atomic Energy. (64 years ago)

1945: April 14
Austria regains independence from Germany after the occupation of the country by Soviet troops. (76 years ago)

1938: November 9
On the night of 9-10, what will be known as "the night of broken glass" takes place in Austria and Germany, in which a murder serves as an excuse to launch a revolt against Jewish citizens throughout the country. The attack, engineered to look like a spontaneous act, is orchestrated by the German government. Some 1,600 synagogues, cemeteries, more than 7,000 shops and 29 Jewish warehouses are damaged or destroyed. More than 30,000 Jews are arrested and interned in concentration camps, many are lynched, some even to death and many of them are subjected to all kinds of humiliations suffering the ridicule of their compatriots who, until recently, had been their friends and neighbors . (83 years ago)

1938: April 10
In Austria a controlled plebiscite takes place, after the invasion of Adolf Hitler on March 12, where 99.7 percent of Austrians over 20 years approve the Anschluss (German: "Union") for the political unification of Austria and Germany. It should be noted that the vote is not secret and voters have had to fill out the ballot in front of the members of the SS without being able to insert it directly into the ballot box. (83 years ago)

1919: September 10The Peace Treaty of Saint Germain en Laye (France) is signed. As a result, Austria will be obliged to comply with important territorial cessions to Italy, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. It is also obliged to recognize, according to section V of the third Chapter, ethnic minorities. (102 years ago)

1918: November 12The Austrian National Assembly decides to proclaim the Republic and adhere with the signature of the First Chancellor of the Republic Karl Renner to the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, making their union in the community of German states, as well as the monarchy, become obsolete. . Starting today, with its new name of Republic of Austria, the country will establish itself as an independent state in international law. His early years will be marked by serious economic difficulties and a continuous escalation of conflicts between different political groups. (103 years ago)

1914: August 1
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia, which transforms the conflict between Austro-Hungarians and Serbs into a military confrontation on a European scale, starting the devastating World War I. (107 years ago)

1914: July 28
When Austria declared war on Serbia, World War I began. (107 years ago)

1865: August 20
In the Gastein Valley (Austria), Prussia and Austria sign an agreement known as the Gastein Convention by which the territories of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein are divided, which both countries have seized from Denmark the previous year in the so-called War of the Duchies. Austria wants these two duchies to become independent members of the German Confederation, but nevertheless the Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck has every intention of incorporating them into Prussia. As agreed in the Gastein Convention, Austria will have to administer and temporarily occupy Holstein, and Prussia will have to do the same in Schleswig. Neither party will be satisfied with this agreement, which will not even be able to hold for a year. (156 years ago)

1854: April 24
In Vienna (Austria) the lavish wedding of the 23-year-old Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I and the Bavarian princess Elizabeth, better known as Sissí, of the same age, is celebrated. (167 years ago)

1849: April 4
Austria incorporates Hungary into its Empire, which will give rise in 1867 to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. (172 years ago)

1848: March 13
In Vienna (Austria) a large concentration takes place that demands a Constitution to end the hated absolutist regime. The army dissolves the concentration and it ends in fighting throughout the city. Thus begins a liberal revolt throughout the country, which will end on October 31 when Field Marshal Alfred, conquers Vienna and establishes martial law and punishes the rebels. (173 years ago)

1815: June 9
The final Act of the Congress of Vienna, which has been meeting since September 18 of the previous year, is approved, in which the new territorial reorganization of Europe is agreed after the defeat of Napoleon, trying to return to the situation before the Revolution French of 1789. The procedures used will serve as a guideline in future international conferences, even today, to establish agreements between nations. (206 years ago)

1815: February 8
The Congress of Vienna (Austria) approves an order of international rank by which the slave trade is outlawed in any form. (206 years ago)

1811: March 15
The Austrian Empire goes bankrupt due to speculation, due to the continental blockade and inflation caused by the military expenditures of a long series of wars that has brought all of Europe to the brink. Other countries, such as England, France, Germany, Spain ... also suffer from this crisis. (210 years ago)

1809: October 14
In Austria the Peace of Schönbrunn is signed, which ends Austria's resistance against the Napoleonic imperial troops. (212 years ago)

1809: May 13
The French army under Napoleon Bonaparte occupies Vienna (Austria). (212 years ago)

1808: December 22
Symphony No. 5 in C minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven, directed by the composer, the work will acquire a patent prestige. (212 years ago)

1805: December 26
France and Austria put an end to the third coalition war, by signing a peace treaty in Presburg (Slovakia), as a result of the defeat suffered by the Austrians against Napoleon Bonaparte in the battle of Austerlitz. The treaty is clearly favorable to French interests. It will mark the end of the Holy Roman Empire. (215 years ago)

1805: December 2
In the battle of Austerlitz (present-day Czech Republic), also called the Battle of the Three Emperors, Napoleon defeats the armies of the third anti-French coalition (Great Britain, Austria and Russia), destroying the remains of the Holy Roman Empire. This victory will put France at the head of a great empire. (215 years ago)

1804: November 6
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, and Francis II, Emperor of Austria, agree to go to war against France. Between the two countries they will enlist a force of 350,000 soldiers against Napoleon. (217 years ago)

1795: October 24
When Prussia, Russia and Austria conclude the third division of Poland, it ceases to exist. Poland will regain its independence in 1918 in the form of a republic, at the end of the First World War. (226 years ago)

1792: April 20
France declares war on Austria, diverting attention from internal problems in passing, and launches three armies into combat. On the 29th of this month, the Armée du Nord, composed of 34,000 men, will suffer a great defeat when trying to invade Belgium. The setbacks of the French army will increase the revolutionary agitation in Paris. (229 years ago)

1776: January 2
The Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria abolishes torture. (245 years ago)

1772: August 5
In the Saint Petersburg agreements, Russia, Prussia and Austria share one third of the Polish territory, thus avoiding a European war. (249 years ago)

1763: February 15Austria, Prussia and Saxony, seal the Peace of Hübertusburg which marks the end of the so-called Seven Years War, by means of which Prussia annexes the Silesian region. With this Prussia becomes a great European power under the mandate of Frederick II the Great, who will emerge with a clearly strengthened position. (258 years ago)

1742: June 11
The Empress Maria Teresa of Austria decides to make peace with King Frederick II of Prussia, by giving him almost all of Silesia through the Treaty of Breslau, thus marking the end of the First Silesian War. (279 years ago)

1725: April 30
In Austria, the Treaty of Vienna is signed between Felipe V, King of Spain, and Carlos VI, Emperor of the Holy Empire, ending a period of negotiations with the aim of solving the conflicts of both Crowns in Italy, establishing a link between them through the double marriage of the infants Carlos and Don Felipe with two daughters of the emperor, and to render mutual aid, especially in the conflicts in Gibraltar. (296 years ago)

1683: September 12
A relief army, under the command of the Polish King John III, expels the Turkish hosts at the battle of Kahlenberg that have been besieging Vienna (Austria) since July 14. The bakers, who played an important role in the resistance, will commemorate the siege of Vienna and the defeat of the Ottomans with a tasty crescent-shaped puff pastry that they will call a croissant. (338 years ago)

1683: July 14
Captained by the grand vizier Kara Mustafa, the Ottomans besieged the city of Vienna (Austria). The siege will conclude on September 12 with the Battle of Kalhenberg in which the Christian army will put the Ottomans to flight. (338 years ago)

1529: September 27
The siege of Vienna (Austria) begins, when the forces of the Ottoman Empire, under the command of Suleiman I, attack the city. The lack of adequate logistics will make a dent and finally, without having achieved his goal, Suleiman will withdraw in mid-October to Constantinople. A new attempt in 1532 will be another failure. (492 years ago)

1528: September 24
Sultan Suleiman II the Magnificent fails in his attempt to seize the city of Vienna by force of arms, although he manages to impose his terms of peace. Up to here the limit of expansion of the Turkish empire will arrive. (493 years ago)

1526: August 29
In the battle of Mohács, on the banks of the Danube, Suleiman II the Magnificent, commanding Ottoman troops, crushes the army of the King of Hungary and Bohemia, Louis II, who dies in the battle without leaving heirs, leaving the path to the beautiful Vienna city. The consequences for Hungary will be disastrous. (495 years ago)

1278: August 26
In Austria, in the battle of Durnkrut along the Morava River, the German Emperor Rudolf I defeats the Bohemian King Ottokar II who refuses to lose his Austrian territories. After the victory, Rodolfo orders the death of Ottokar leaving Bohemia under his dominion. (743 years ago)

996: November 1
The Holy German Emperor Otto III gifts a territory of about 8 km 2 called Ostattichi to the Bishop of Freising. The act of this donation is the first to speak of Austria and its foundation as such. (1025 years ago)

Outstanding births in Austria
1914: November 9
In Vienna (Austria), Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler was born. She will be an actress under the stage name of Hedy Lamarr, "the most beautiful woman in the history of cinema", Austrian telecommunications engineer and inventor, creator of the spread spectrum, a modulation technique used in telecommunications for the transmission of digital data and by radio frequency. . In his honor, the International Inventor's Day will be celebrated every 9 November. (107 years ago)

1902: July 28
Born in Vienna, Austria, the philosopher of the theory of science and sociologist, later a British national, Karl Popper. His vision of science appears in his work "The logic of scientific research" of 1934. (119 years ago)

1899: April 20
In Braunau am Inn, present-day Austria, was born Adolf Hitler, a German megalomaniac politician, who will establish a totalitarian regime as head of the German National Socialist Workers Party and will rule Germany cruelly as a dictator from 1933 to 1945. He will promote the military industry, which that will bring Germany out of the post-World War I economic crisis. He will order the invasion of Poland in 1939, being one of the triggers of the Second World War, which will end with the destruction of much of Europe. During his rule, Hitler will carry out the racial policy of the Nazi Party, the Holocaust, the death and displacement of millions of people. Finally, he committed suicide in 1945 with the fall of Berlin. (122 years ago)

1869: September 3
In Laibach (present-day Slovenia), the Austrian chemist and physiologist Fritz Pregl was born, who in 1923 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention of the method of microanalysis of organic substances. (152 years ago)

1868: June 14
The doctor Karl Landsteiner was born in Vienna (Austria), Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1930 for discovering and typifying blood groups and their compatibility to carry out blood transfusions, which will save many lives. You will classify the blood groups into four groups: A, B, O, and AB. It will also show that polio is infectious. Much later, together with Alexander Solomon Wiener, they will discover the existence of the Rhesus or Rh factor in the blood. (153 years ago)

1856: May 6
In Pribor, the Austrian Empire and present-day Czech Republic, Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist and freethinker, creator of psychoanalysis, was born. (165 years ago)

1832: July 6
Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg, Emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867, was born in Schönbrunn (Vienna, Austria). (189 years ago)

1830: August 18
In Vienna, Austria, Francisco José I was born, the eldest son of Archduke Francisco Carlos, brother and heir of the Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I. On December 2, 1848, he will be crowned Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary and King of Bohemia, among other titles. He will reign until his death in November 1916, making his reign of 68 years the third longest in European history. (191 years ago)

1825: October 25
In the city of Vienna (Austria), the musician and composer Johann Strauss Jr. was born. His father, Johann Strauss, also a composer and director, will not want his children to enter the world of music. He will stand out as a conductor and for his compositions of waltzes and polkas, and will be known worldwide for his famous waltz "On the beautiful Blue Danube" . (196 years ago)

1822: July 20
In Heinzendorf, Austria (now the Czech Republic), Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk and naturalist, was born. You will lay the mathematical foundations of genetic science by researching different varieties of pea and listing the so-called "Mendel's Laws" that govern genetic inheritance. (199 years ago)

1804: March 14
Born in Vienna (Austria) Johann Strauss Sr., Austrian composer of waltzes, polkas and military marches. (217 years ago)

1756: January 27
Born in Salzburg (Austria), Wolfang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer of the classical period. At four years old he will be a child prodigy who will interpret simple melodies in the harpsichord and compose small pieces. In time he will be one of the most influential musicians in the history of Western music and will compose more than 600 beautiful works that will cover almost all genres of the time. (265 years ago)

1755: November 2
In the rooms of the Hofbur Imperial Palace in Vienna (Austria), María Antonia Josefa Joana de Habsburgo-Lorena was born, who will be known as Marie Antoinette, daughter of Francisco I of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Empress Maria Teresa I of Austria. In 1770, at the age of fourteen, she married the then dauphin and future Louis XVI of France, in an attempt to strengthen ties between two historical enemies. In 1774 Louis XVI ascended to the throne of France and Marie Antoinette exerted great influence on her husband. His libertine and wasteful attitude, ignoring the misery of the people, will contribute greatly to the discredit of the monarchy in the years before the French Revolution of 1789. He will die by the guillotine in 1793. (266 years ago)

1732: March 31
Near Vienna, Austria, the Austrian composer Josef Haydn was born, who will be one of the most influential figures in the development of classical music. For his works in the genre of symphony and string quartets, he will be known as "Father" of both genres. You will get to achieve great notoriety which will bring you great income. (289 years ago)

1683: September 7
In the Austrian city of Linz, the daughter of Leopold I of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor of the Germanic Empire, and of Eleanor Magdalena, María Ana Josefa, Archduchess of Austria, is born, who, to reaffirm the Austro-Portuguese alliance, will marry Juan V of Portugal in 1708, being queen consort until the death of her husband in 1750. She will give birth to seven children, three of whom will come to the throne: José I king of Portugal, Bárbara de Braganza queen consort of Fernando VI of Spain and Pedro III king of Portugal. (338 years ago)

1459: March 22
Born in Vienna, Austria, Maximilian I of Habsburg, Germanic Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death in 1519. He will carry out the reform of the Reichstag in Worms that will conclude the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform), modifying a very large part of the constitution of the Empire to try to end the prevailing feudalism, gathering Diets with representation from the different estates, establishing a Regency Council and an Imperial Court to administer justice. It will carry out fragmentations in the districts, of an administrative and military nature. (562 years ago)

Reported deaths in Austria
1916: November 21
In his Palace in Vienna (Austria), Francisco José I of Habsburg-Lorraine, the last Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, died. (105 years ago)

1911: May 18
Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer and conductor, dies in Vienna (Austria), whose work is the highest peak of the romantic symphony. (110 years ago)

1897: April 3
In Vienna, Austria, the German composer Johannes Brahms dies, famous for his works for piano, chamber music and symphonies of deep lyricism. (124 years ago)

1849: September 25
Johann Strauss Sr., Austrian composer of waltzes, polkas and military marches, dies in Vienna (Austria). The "Radetzky March" will be his most popular work. (172 years ago)

1828: November 19
The romantic Austrian composer Franz Schubert dies in Vienna (Austria). He composed the so-called "Lieder" (short works for voice and piano, predecessors of modern song). (193 years ago)

1827: March 26
The German composer and universal genius of classical music, Ludwing van Beethoven, who is considered the main precursor of the transition from classicism to romanticism, dies in Vienna (Austria). He leaves a prolific work for generations to come, including his 9 symphonies, 7 concertos, 32 piano sonatas and his opera "Fidelio". (194 years ago)

1791: December 5
In the city of Vienna (Austria), Wolfang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer of the classical period and one of the most influential in the history of Western music, dies at the age of 34, probably from chronic kidney disease. (229 years ago)

1750: July 28
In Leipzig (Austria), Johann Sebastian Bach, prolific and famous German composer, whose work is considered the pinnacle of the Baroque, passes away. (271 years ago)

1741: July 28
Antonio Vivaldi, a Baroque composer and Italian violinist, died in Vienna (Austria), known, among others, for "The Four Seasons" , a concerto for violin and orchestra. (280 years ago)

1740: October 20
Carlos VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, dies in Vienna (Austria) from 1711 until his death, putting an end to the male line of the House of Austria that, for more than 300 years has given German emperors. His eldest daughter María Teresa will inherit the title, in this way the War of the Austrian Succession will begin. (281 years ago)

1564: July 27
Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg, son of Philip the Fair and Juana I of Castile, dies in Vienna, Austria. (457 years ago)

1564: July 25
The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria dies in Vienna, Austria. (457 years ago)

180: March 17
The Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, whose great work, "Meditations" , is a kind of interior testament valid for any age, passes away sick of the plague in Vindobona (present-day Vienna, Austria) , accepting fate with the self-confidence that it gives. serenity. (1841 years ago)