Crisis at the Patriarchate of Jerusalem

Dora Bakoyannis met with Jordanian Foreign Minister and Palestinian Authority Foreign Minister in Brussels on Monday.

Dora Bakoyannis met with Jordanian Foreign Minister Abdellah al-Hadib and Palestinian Authority Foreign Minister Ziad Abu Amr on Monday afternoon in a bid to end the stalemate in the case of Patriarch Hieros. As the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs G. Koumoutsakos announced, this meeting is taking place after an initiative of the Greek side and the subject of discussions will be the developments in the Middle East, while in particular with the Jordanian Minister the issue of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem will be discussed. Of Foreign Affairs of the Palestinian Authority and Jordan are in Brussels, on the occasion of the informal meeting of representatives of the Arab League and the EU. Theofilos on the airJordan proceeded to withdraw the recognition of the Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophilos late on Saturday night. The move was announced by the Jordanian Prime Minister's Office and was the result of the convening of the country's cabinet, which considered the issue. The matter reached the Jordanian cabinet at the request of representatives of the Arab communities, who support that Mr. Theofilos did not fulfill the commitments he had made to the community before his election in 2005. The decision was notified to the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. However, Patriarch Theophilos himself appeared reassuring. Speaking to the media on Monday, he said Jordan's confidence in him had not been lifted. citing the fact that the Jordanian monarch himself has not taken a position on the issue. Mr. Theofilos is now recognized only by the Palestinian Authority. Israel continues to recognize the deposed Ireneos as the legitimate Patriarch. Ecclesiastical circles are skeptical of the Jordanian move and describe the decision as incompatible with the Jordanian law of 1958 governing the operation of the Patriarchal institution, while noting that it does not bear the signature of King Abdullah. The institution is also expressed by the person of the Patriarch, but the Patriarchate is the major one ", said the deputy government representative, Evangelos Antonaros. The Archbishop of Athens and all of Greece, Mr. Christodoulos, also took a position on the issue. " Criticism from PASOK "Developments in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem have been pregnant for a long time, so that neither can they be considered unexpected, nor can they justify the delayed reaction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which seems to be surprised by events it had to work on. "PASOK is watching with concern and a sense of responsibility," said PASOK spokesman P. Efthymiou.

Outstanding Events in Bahrain

2011: March 15
Bahrain's King Hamad proclaims a state of emergency throughout the country for a period of three months and puts security in the hands of the Army. The move, announced a day after Saudi troops arrived in the kingdom in response to the royal family's request, has been immediately rejected by the opposition. The protests cause several deaths. (10 years ago)

2011: February 17
The wick of the revolution continues to set fire to the Arab world and the Government of Bahrain decrees a state of emergency throughout the country in an attempt to quell the revolt of the Shiite community that for four days has been demanding democratic reforms in the streets, after tonight the police and the army will evict thousands of protesters with blood and fire, many of them women and children, camped in the Pearl Square, in the center of Manama, the capital of the emirate. At least 4 protesters have died and more than 300 have been injured. (10 years ago)

Outstanding Events in Belgium

2016: March 22 In Brussels, capital of Belgium, around 8 in the morning there are two explosions at Zaventem airport. Around 9:30 a.m., a third explosion takes place in a central subway station. The brutal massacre, perpetrated by ISIS suicide bombers, left 32 dead and more than 300 injured. (5 years ago)

1992: February 7
A Treaty is signed in Maastricht (Holland) by which Western European nations, after centuries of armed conflict, unite in a spirit of economic cooperation, seeking common security policies and cooperation between police and other authorities against crime, terrorism and immigration. The treaty is signed by the Ministers of 12 countries of the European Community (Great Britain, France, Germany, the Republic of Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Denmark, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands) and will enter into force from of January 1, 1993. establishes rules for the future single currency and a common foreign and security policy. The "European Union" officially replaces the "European Community". (29 years ago)

1960: December 15
In the Royal Palace of Brussels (Belgium), Fabiola de Mora y Aragón marries King Baudouin of Belgium. The monarch was crowned in 1951 after his father, Leopold III, abdicated. (60 years ago)

1957: March 25
In Rome, the representatives of France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg sign the Treaties of Rome, which are the founding Treaties of the European Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). (64 years ago)

1949: April 4
In the middle of the Cold War, meeting in Washington (USA), twelve western states, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Holland, Portugal, Canada and the USA, founded the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO), a military alliance, which provides for a collective defense, through close military collaboration, against possible Soviet aggression. This alliance will help to significantly increase the influence and power of the United States in Europe. In successive years, more countries will join, Spain in 1982. In 1955, as a response to NATO and as a result of the increase in international tension, several eastern countries, led by the Soviet Union, founded the Warsaw Pact. (72 years ago)

1948: March 17
As during the previous two years the USSR has established socialist regimes in central and eastern Europe, the climate of mutual distrust between the former allies against Hitler's Germany grows in the face of Western fear of an extension of Soviet power. For this reason, today, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom sign the so-called "Treaty of Brussels", by which they promise each other assistance in case of aggression. This treaty lays the foundations of what the future NATO will be, which will finally see the light of day on April 4, 1949 by signing the "North Atlantic Treaty" the "Brussels Five", plus Canada, Denmark, the United States, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal. (73 years ago)

1945: January 3
The German offensive in The Ardennes (Belgium) fails between today and tomorrow, despite sending eight Waffen-SS divisions against the Americans. Fierce hand-to-hand combat ensues that will conclude the next day, when Patton's tanks pass Bastogne in the direction of the Rhine, forcing the German army to withdraw. (76 years ago)

1940: June 4
As German troops enter Dunkirk (Belgium), allied troops evacuate it. Allied defense in Western Europe has become unsustainable after the capitulation of Leopold II, King of Belgium, and the fall of the Netherlands. Thousands of French and English soldiers have been forced to retreat to Dunkirk, a town on the coast. Their evacuation by sea is immediately improvised. For this, all available boats are put at the service of the allied troops, including fishing and pleasure boats. The evacuation lasted 10 days and saved 338,000 soldiers from being captured by the German army. Entering Dunkirk today, the Germans still manage to capture 40,000 Allied soldiers who have arrived too late to be evacuated. (81 years ago)

1934: February 23
In Belgium, Leopold III rose to the throne, under whose reign the Nazis invaded the country with little resistance. (87 years ago) 1929: January 10The first page of "The Adventures of Tintin, reporter du Petit Vingtième, au pays des soviets" enters workshops . Hergé, pseudonym of its creator Georges Remi, will conceive other characters, but it will be Tintin who will consecrate him universally, becoming a phenomenon of great worldwide popularity. A total of 24 albums will be released, the last of them in 1976. (92 years ago)

1920: April 20
With the presence of 29 countries and 2,561 athletes, the VI Olympics of the Modern Era, the first after World War I, are inaugurated in Antwerp (Belgium). They will close on September 12. (101 years ago)

1915: April 22
German forces surprise the Allies in Ypres (Belgium) by using chlorine gas for the first time on the battlefield, causing at least 5,000 casualties and contaminating enemy trenches. The Germans use very sophisticated gas masks and protective uniforms. The response of the English with the same chemical agent will be given six months later in Loos (France). In 1917, the Germans used mustard gas and phosgene in Verdun. The terrible balance at the end of World War I will be that a quarter of the projectiles will have contained chemical agents, that more than 100,000 people will have died and up to 1,000,000 will have been injured by the use of gases during this tragic fight. (106 years ago)

1914: September 5
In the framework of World War I, the Battle of Marne (France, northeast of Paris) began when the French attacked the advanced German forces. After the start of hostilities in Europe in August 1914, the Germans, with victories and easy advances in Belgium over the Allies, invaded France advancing westward, hoping to achieve a quick victory before the Russians began to gain ground in the east. . As the Germans crossed the River Marne, the French government was evacuated, but its army began to attack today the most exposed flank of the invading troops and, the next day, the French counterattack would be total. Four days later the Germans will be forced to withdraw. On the battlefield, more than 500. (107 years ago)

1914: August 20
In the framework of World War I, after encountering bitter resistance in Belgium, the Germans finally occupy Brussels and Liege on this day. They will continue their unstoppable advance and in less than a month they will find themselves at the gates of Paris. (107 years ago)

1914: August 4
At 9 am, German troops cross the eastern border of Belgium, thus violating its neutrality. The Belgian army will be unable to stop the German war machine. This same day, in response to this invasion, the United Kingdom entered World War I declaring the outbreak of hostilities with Germany. Meanwhile, in Belgium, about a million and a half civilians will flee from the barbarities of war and German terror (summary collective executions, looting, rape and destruction), taking refuge in France, Great Britain and the Netherlands. Allied propaganda will use the image of the invasion of "brave little Belgium" to support the war effort. (107 years ago)

1876: September 12
In Brussels (Belgium) and until the 14th an international geographic conference is held in order to suppress the African slave trade and open the continent to civilization. For this, and formed by several national committees, the Association for the Civilization and Exploration of Central Africa is constituted. (145 years ago)

1815: June 18
At the Battle of Waterloo (Belgium), Napoleon Bonaparte suffered his greatest defeat before the Duke of Wellington, thus ending the Napoleonic era in Europe. Napoleon, who was forced to abdicate as Emperor of France in 1814 and sent into exile on the island of Elba, from where he escaped at the end of February of this year, returned to France, had Louis XVIII abdicated and assembled a new Grand Army. For 100 days, Napoleon and his new empire, whose reputation as an invincible commander precedes him, was able to achieve several successes in battles across the fields of Europe. Shortly after his defeat at Waterloo, he will be arrested and sent into exile to the island of Saint Helena, where he will die of cancer six years later. (206 years ago)

1814: December 24
In the city of Ghent (Belgium), the United States and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Ghent, ending the Anglo-American War of 1812. The Treaty establishes that all the occupied territories are returned to the country that was in possession of them before the beginning of hostilities. No decision is taken regarding the controversial issues that have led to the conflict, but it is proposed that joint commissions be created to negotiate between the two countries the dispute over the limits of the British colonies in Canada. Matters relating to the naval forces to remain in the Great Lakes and matters relating to fishing rights are being deferred to future meetings. This agreement will mark the decline of American dependence on Europe, (206 years ago)

1795: October 1
Through a decree of Napoleon, the Austrian Netherlands, Flanders and Liege are annexed to France and divided into 9 departments in which Brussels will be the most important. During the French period, Wallonia will emerge as one of the most industrialized regions in Europe. This period came to an end in 1815 with the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. (226 years ago)

1709: September 11
Within the framework of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Battle of Malplaquet (present-day Belgium) takes place, a bloody battle of great strategic importance. The victors (Anglo-Dutch, commanded by the Duke of Malborough and Eugene of Savoy) suffer twice as many casualties as the vanquished (French, commanded by the Duke of Villars). In Britain this "Pyrrhic victory" will be exploited by critics of the government, and the Duke of Marlborough himself. (312 years ago)

1692: August 3
During the so-called Nine Years' War between France and the League of Augsburg, today, at the Battle of Steinkerque, the French Marshal François-Henri de Montmorency defeats William III of Orange after having conquered the city of Namur (present-day Belgium) in June. In 1695, William III of Orange himself recovered Namur from the French. (329 years ago)

1609: April 9
A 12-year truce between Spain and the United Provinces is signed in Antwerp (Netherlands). This fact practically supposes the official independence of the Netherlands. (412 years ago)

1432: May 6
The polyptych "The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb" by the Van Eyck brothers, a key work of European painting, is exhibited for the first time in the church of San Bavon (Ghent, Belgium) , for the representation of space and perspective. (589 years ago)

1302: July 11
In Courtrai, west of Belgium, the "Battle of the Golden Spurs" takes place in which the French infantry commanded by Roberto de Artois, advances with great success against the Flemish militias (composed mainly of weavers, peasants and artisans), But by ordering the return to allow their cavalry to make the final successful charge, on uneven and boggy terrain, the knights are unable to muster enough strength to break through the flamingo shield wall (one of the earliest displays of the power of the solid infantry supported in defensive positions), being defeated and massacred. Roberto will lead several reserves in a second charge trying to change the outcome of the battle, but will be countered by the Flemish infantry. (719 years ago)

Outstanding births in Belgium
1930: September 7
In Laeken, Belgium, Balduino I was born, who would ascend to the throne in 1951, when his father Leopold III abdicated in his favor, making him the fifth king of the Belgians, until his death in 1993, being succeeded by his brother with the name of Alberto II from Belgium. (91 years ago)
1907: May 22Georges Remi was born in Brussels (Belgium), a Belgian cartoonist who in 1929 created "The Adventures of Tintin", which would become very popular. They will narrate the adventures of a young journalist and his dog Snowy. (114 years ago)

1903: June 8
In Brussels, Belgium, the Belgian writer, who will become an American citizen, Marguerite Yourcenar is born. Perhaps his best known work will be "Memories of Hadrian" , which he wrote in 1951 recounting the life and death of Emperor Hadrian in the first person. (118 years ago)

1901: November 3
Leopold III of Belgium was born in Brussels, Belgium, who will be King of the Belgians from 1934 to 1951, the year in which he will abdicate his son Baudouin. In 1940, during his reign he will have to face the invasion of Belgium by Nazi Germany during World War II, to which Leopold hardly offers any resistance. The discomfort that this will cause among his subjects will be the main cause of his abdication in his son in 1951. (120 years ago)

1894: July 17
In the Belgian city of Charleroi, Georges Lemaitre was born, a famous astronomer and priest who, upon studying Edwin Hubble's theory about the expansion of the Universe, formulated, in 1931, that the universe originated in the explosion of a "primeval atom" or " cosmic egg ", a point of enormous density that when exploding was the origin of the expansion and creation of matter. This theory of the explosion is now known as the "Big Bang". Later he will estimate that the age of the Universe is between 10 and 20 billion years. (127 years ago)

1835: April 9
In Brussels, Belgium, Leopold II, King of Belgium, was born. In 1885 he created the Congo Free State, making it a territory of his exclusive property. During the next two decades he will devote himself to despotically plundering it, killing between 8 and 10 million people, most of them enslaved, which will represent at least 50% of the population. In 1908, under pressure from various European and US governments, it ceased to be their property to become the Belgian Congo, a colony of Belgium. (186 years ago)

1817: February 17
Born in Brussels, Belgium, Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk van Oranje-Nassau, known as William III of the Netherlands, who will be King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg between 1849 and 1890. He will enjoy great popularity. He will have four children of whom only three will survive to adulthood. (204 years ago)

1814: November 6
In the beautiful Belgian city of Dinant, Adolphe Sax was born, who would be a manufacturer of musical instruments and invented the saxophone in 1840. Four years later, Héctor Berlioz will compose the first known work for this brand new instrument. (207 years ago)

1599: March 22
Antoon Van Dyck was born in Antwerp (Belgium), after Pedro Pablo Rubens, the most important Flemish painter of the 17th century. (422 years ago)

1522: December 28
Margaret of Austria, known as Margaret of Parma, was born in the Belgian town of Oudenaarde, the illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V and of a young woman in the Netherlands. Her father will recognize her and authorize her to bear the surname Austria. She will be Duchess consort of Florence and Parma and Governor of the Netherlands. There she will have to face constant uprisings that she will be able to silence through diplomatic channels, although Felipe II will think that she has not been diligent and will replace her with the Duke of Alba. (498 years ago)

1500: February 24
Born in Ghent (now Belgium) Charles I of Spain and V of Germany, who will reign as Holy Roman Emperor, and will fight to maintain the Spanish Habsburg empire, which will span from Europe to America, trying to overcome the feudal concept of empire and achieve the union of such different territories under a single crown. (521 years ago)

1480: January 10
In the city of Brussels, present-day Belgium, Margaret of Austria, Archduchess of Austria, Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Savoy was born. She will be considered one of the most intelligent women of European royalty. (541 years ago)

1478: July 22
Born in the city of Bruges (Belgium) Philip I the Fair, King of Castile from 1504 to 1506 and Archduke of Austria, belonging to the House of Habsburg. He is the first monarch of what will be a long dynasty, known as the Habsburgs, who will reign in Spanish territories, succeeding the House of Trastamara. (543 years ago)

686: August 23
In Heristal (present-day Belgium), Carlos Martel was born, founder of the Carolingian dynasty and palace steward of the kingdom of France, victorious in the battle of Poitiers in 732 that will stop the Muslim advance in Europe, and will conquer numerous territories that will incorporate the Frankish kingdom . (1335 years ago)

Reported deaths in Belgium
1983: March 3
Georges Remi, better known as Hergé, the Belgian cartoonist who created the unforgettable "Adventures of Tintin and his dog Snowy", dies in the Belgian town of Louvain . (38 years ago)

1967: August 15
In Brussels (Belgium) the Belgian painter René Magritte dies. In his early years his work was strongly influenced by the figure of De Chirico and by the mysterious atmosphere of his paintings. Later he came into contact with the Parisian avant-garde of the moment, chaired by André Breton, and began to develop surrealism that, over time, would acquire a very personal style revolving around the relationship between language and its objects. (54 years ago)

1924: November 29
In Brussels, Belgium, one of the greatest exponents of lyrical realism dies, the Italian composer Giacomo Puccini, who imbued each of his works with a distinctive atmosphere. His are "La Bohème" , "Tosca" and "Madame Butterfly" . (97 years ago)

1909: December 17
In Laeken, Belgium, Leopold II, King of Belgium since 1865, dies. The Congo Free State was his private possession and he amassed a great personal fortune by keeping its population in conditions of slavery. (111 years ago)

1640: May 30
In Antwerp (present-day Belgium), Pedro Pablo Rubens, a Baroque painter of well-known works and the main representative of Flemish painting of the 17th century, dies. (381 years ago)

1569: September 5
Pieter Brueghel, called the Elder, Flemish painter and printmaker and founder of a dynasty of painters, dies in Brussels (Belgium). He will be considered one of the great Flemish masters of the 16th century, and the most important Dutch painter of that century. (452 years ago)

1441: July 9
The Dutch painter Jan Van Eyck, considered one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century and the most famous among the Flemish Primitives, dies in Bruges (Belgium). The "Polyptych of the Adoration of the Mystic Lamb" , painted with his brother Hubert for the main altar of the Cathedral of Saint Bavo in the city of Ghent, of great beauty for its light and color, where the redemption of man by the sacrifice of Jesus is perhaps one of his best known works. (580 years ago)

1106: August 7
The former Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV dies in the city of Liege, present-day Belgium. During his tenure he faced Pope Gregory VII who wanted to end the imperial investiture, gathering in Worms bishops and feudal princes who voted to remove the Pope, to which he responded by excommunicating Henry and freeing his subjects from the oath of allegiance. Finally Enrique lowered himself and requested the pardon of the Pope who absolved him. In the last years of his reign he had to face rebellions in which his eldest son, Enrique, and his second wife were involved. In 1105, he was forced to abdicate by the Diet of Mainz. (915 years ago)

Outstanding Facts in Bolivia

2019: November 10
In a televised message and after three weeks of riots in the streets over the confirmation of electoral fraud on October 20, Evo Morales resigned as president of Bolivia. The police rebellion on Friday in Cochabamba, which infected a large part of the country's police stations, and a resounding pronouncement by the Armed Forces suggesting the presidential resignation and warning that they would act against the armed groups that imposed terror during the three weeks of popular uprising. , ended the 14 years of Evo's government. The Latin American left takes a great blow. (2 years ago)

2014: October 12
In Bolivia, Evo Morales, with 61% of the votes, proclaims himself the winner of the general elections to elect president and renew the Plurinational Assembly (Parliament), which entitles him to a third term until 2020. The opposition candidate Samuel Doria gets 24% of the votes. (7 years ago)

2006: January 22
In Bolivia, after winning the elections on December 18, 2005, breaking all odds, Evo Morales became president of the Republic, becoming the country's first indigenous president. He will win the presidency again in 2009 and 2014. (15 years ago)

2005: December 18
At the head of the "Movement to Socialism" (MAS), the Indian peasant Evo Morales turns Bolivian history upside down, achieving an unprecedented electoral victory (54% of the votes) at the end of a difficult year for his country. with the fall of the president after succumbing in June to a wave of demonstrations that swept through all of Bolivia, aggravated by a coup threat that finally came to nothing. President-elect Morales has shattered all forecasts by resoundingly defeating conservative Jorge Quiroga in the general elections held today, which will allow him to be the country's first indigenous president. In January, in a few days, Evo Morales will receive the transfer of powers and will take office as constitutional president of the Republic. (15 years ago)

1982: October 10
In Bolivia, Hernán Siles Suazo becomes president, marking the end of military dictatorships and the longest period of democracy in that country. (39 years ago)

1967: October 8
Ernesto "Che" Guevara, an Argentine guerrilla who played an important role in the Cuban Revolution and is in Bolivia exporting his revolution in a campaign to end the dictatorship of René Barrientos, is captured during a skirmish with a special detachment of the Bolivian army. In the course of the fray he is injured. They transfer him prisoner to the nearby town of La Higuera, where he will be held in the school building. The next day he will be executed without further ado. (54 years ago)

1952: April 9
In Bolivia the National Revolution breaks out and Hernán Siles Zuazo becomes interim president, until Paz Estensoro becomes president on April 15, in whose government, Siles Zuazo will occupy the position of Vice President. Among the most important changes that the country will carry out, we must highlight the granting of the universal vote, the nationalization of the tin mines, the agrarian reform and the educational reform. (69 years ago)

1935: June 12
The ceasefire is signed in the Chaco war between Bolivia and Paraguay, which ends with 100,000 deaths due to the disputes between two oil multinationals for the so-called "black gold". Three years later, the final peace will be signed in Buenos Aires by which Paraguay will obtain the majority of the Boreal Chaco, although Bolivia will retain the oil fields already in operation. (86 years ago)

1932: September 29
In the Boreal Chaco (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay) the Battle of Boquerón ends, around the fort of the same name, which began on the 9th, the first of the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay for control of the area. The war will end on June 12, 1935 with the definitive setting of limits and Paraguay will renounce the 110,000 km 2 occupied. (89 years ago)

1932: September 9
With the battle for control of the Boquerón fort, the Chaco war between Bolivia and Paraguay began. The war, whose background is the disputes between two oil multinationals for the so-called "black gold", will be the largest and bloodiest to be fought on the American continent during the 20th century. It will end in 1935 with 100,000 deaths, many of them from diseases and lack of water, more than from bullets. The result: an economic and moral disaster unmatched for both countries. (89 years ago)

1920: July 12
In Bolivia, the political crisis ends in revolution and a Governing Board is constituted that in a few days will fall due to lack of understanding among its leaders, summoning the people to elect a new president. (101 years ago)

1884: April 4
Once the War of the Pacific has concluded and by signing the truce treaty of Valparaíso, Bolivia leaves its province of Antofagasta under Chilean law. This treaty establishes that the territories between the Loa River and the 23rd parallel will remain under the administration of Chile and that, in return, Bolivia will have access to the ports of Arica and Antofagasta. Later, in 1904, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Bolivia will be signed, which will recognize the perpetual domain of the disputed territory by Chile, for which, Bolivia will lose all right to have an outlet to the sea and complete it. sovereignty over the Pacific Ocean. This last treaty will be a source of diplomatic tensions since Bolivia will always try to regain a free and sovereign exit to the Pacific Ocean. (137 years ago)

1879: April 5
Chile declares war on the Bolivian-Peruvian alliance for the nitrate lands of the Atacama desert. The Chilean army will conquer Lima in 1881. La Paz will be signed in 1883 by means of the Ancón treaty and Bolivia will lose after the war, its only exit to the sea. (142 years ago)

1879: March 23
In Calama, Bolivia, the Battle of Calama takes place, the first armed confrontation of the War of the Pacific between the Chilean army and Bolivian civilian forces. After several hours of combat, the Chilean troops will put an end to the Bolivian resistance. Its numerical superiority is decisive. The contest leaves 20 Bolivians and 7 Chileans dead. (142 years ago)

1879: February 14
Chile militarily occupies the port of Antofagasta, which belongs to Bolivia, and could be considered the beginning of the so-called Saltpeter War between Chile and the Bolivian-Peruvian alliance for the nitrate lands of the Atacama desert. The Chilean army will conquer Lima in 1881. La Paz will be signed in 1883 by means of the Ancón treaty and Bolivia will lose after this war, its only exit to the sea. (142 years ago)

1841: November 18
The Bolivians, invaded by Peruvian forces, win in the battle of Ingaví, in the town of Viacha (Bolivia), in which the president of Peru, Agustín Gamarra, who was in command of his troops, dies. When the news of Gamarra's death was known, confusion and confusion spread among the Peruvian troops, ending in their dispersal and defeat. After this battle, the consolidation and independence of Bolivia and its existence as a sovereign republic took place, as well as the reinforcement of the President of Bolivia José Ballivián, the presidency that he would hold until 1847, the year in which he handed over to Eusebio Guilarte Vera. (180 years ago)

1837: May 19
In Argentina, which seeks the province of Tarija (now Bolivia) and the part of the Chaco territory that ranges from the Bermejo River to the Pilcomayo, Juan Manuel de Rosas, in charge of managing the foreign relations of the Argentine Confederation and governor of Buenos Aires, issues a decree declaring war on the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. In addition, Rosas accuses the Bolivian dictator Andrés de Santa Cruz of favoring the enemies of the government of Buenos Aires and even making deals with revolutionaries of the Unitary Party asylees in Uruguay. The war will be concluded on April 26, 1839 with the military victory of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. Shortly after the overthrow of Santa Cruz, (184 years ago)

1825: August 17
Meeting in Chuquisaca, the Bolivian Deliberative Assembly, which on August 6 signed the Act of Independence, today establishes the "bicolor" flag of Bolivia. However, it will not be until 1855 when the current banner is used, known as "La Tricolor" (red, yellow and green). (196 years ago)

1825: August 6
Bolivia achieves independence from Spain by proclaiming itself as a Republic and signing, during the first national congress, the Act of Total Independence, making it clear that it does not maintain any ties with other neighboring nations and does not depend on any type of other powers. Likewise, the Deliberative Assembly decrees that the new State will bear the name of Bolívar in honor of the liberator Simón Bolívar, who is also declared the father, protector and first president of the nation. (196 years ago)

1825: May 16
To put an end to the competing aspirations of Argentina and Peru over the territory, Simón Bolívar proclaims a new Republic, which, upon becoming an independent Republic later (August 6), will gratefully assume the name of the Liberator, calling itself Bolivia. (196 years ago)

1814: September 28
In La Paz (Bolivia) there is the massacre of Spanish residents during the Bolivian struggle for their independence. The Marquis of Valdehoyos, mayor of the city, is killed. His naked and mutilated body will be hung in public view. (207 years ago)

1810: October 6
In the city of Oruro, Bolivia, an open council met to adopt measures regarding the events that occurred in May and July 1809 and September 1810, in Chuquisaca, La Paz and Cochabamba, respectively, riots took place and the uprising against the Spanish colonial administration. (211 years ago)

1810: September 24
Under the command of the ideologues Juan Manuel Lemoine and Antonio Vicente Seoane, the people of Santa Cruz (present-day Bolivia) began to live their revolutionary process against Spanish rule, when the revolt began today, creating a "provisional board" through an open council. (211 years ago)

1809: July 16
In the city of La Paz (Bolivia), the uprising broke out to achieve independence from Spain when around seven o'clock at night, and taking advantage of the procession of the Virgen del Carmen, revolutionaries took the Veterans' barracks, requesting "open council" (Organ of popular participation with the capacity to dismiss the colonial authorities and establish autonomous governments) and depose the governor and the bishop at the same time that a Tuitive Board is organized whose presidency and leadership of the troops is entrusted to Pedro Domingo Murillo. On the 27th, a proclamation of the Junta will be launched declaring the independence of the colonies, which will constitute the first document of its kind in all of Latin America. (212 years ago)

1612: March 30
In present-day Bolivia, the Spanish captain Pedro Lucio Escalante de Mendoza founded the city of Jesús de Montes Claros de los Caballeros, today Vallegrande, where some Spaniards live, protected by a wall to protect them from the attacks of the Chiriguana tribes, who defend their territories. of the invasion. Over time, the Chiriguanos will lay down their arms and integrate into the city. (409 years ago)

1561: February 26
The Spanish conqueror and explorer Captain Ñuflo de Chaves, who left Asunción (present-day Paraguay) on an expedition made up of Spaniards and indigenous people at the beginning of 1558, founds, on the banks of the Sutó stream, at the foot of the Riquió and Turubó hills, a new population to which he decides to give the name of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (in present-day Bolivia), thus baptized because it is the name of his native town in Cáceres (Extremadura, Spain). (460 years ago)

1548: October 20
In present-day Bolivia, to try to protect the existing trade between the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, La Plata and Potosí, the Spanish captain Alonso de Mendoza, by order of Pedro de La Gasca, founded the city of La Paz, to serve of bridge. Starting in 1898, La Paz will be the seat of government and administrative capital. (473 years ago)

1546: December 4
The Spanish conqueror Juan de Villarroel, one of the owners of the Cerro Rico de Potosí, founded the city of Potosí (now Bolivia), which will soon achieve world fame for the wealth of the silver mines discovered in the mentioned place, which will give work to thousands of people who will come to the brilliance of silver. At the beginning of the 17th century, this city became one of the most populated in the New World, reaching 160,000 inhabitants in 1625. (475 years ago)

1538: September 29
Following orders from Francisco Pizarro, Pedro de Anzúrez, conqueror, Spanish explorer and Marqués de Campo Redondo, he founded, in the Chuquisaca valley, the city of Charcas (present-day Sucre, Bolivia), one of the oldest cities in South America. In 1552 it will be the See of the Bishopric, years later raised to the rank of Archbishopric, which in 1609 will become the most extensive in Latin America. Later he will reach the rank of Cardinal. In 1599 it will be the seat of an important viceregal institution such as the Royal Court. In 1639, already calling itself Chuquisaca, the Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier was founded in this city. On May 25, 1809, Chuquisaca will advance all of South America in its resistance to royalist oppression and, at the Casa de la Libertad, on August 6, 1825, Bolivia will declare itself an independent state with the signing of the founding act of the Republic of Bolivia. Finally, on July 12, 1839, it will be renamed Sucre in homage to the Venezuelan hero José de Sucre who will liberate part of Peru and Bolivia from the tyrannical Spanish power. (483 years ago)

Outstanding births in Bolivia
1907: October 2
In the Bolivian city of Tarija, Víctor Paz Estenssoro was born, who will be a prominent Bolivian lawyer and politician, President of Bolivia on four occasions (1952-1956; 1960-1964; August 6 to November 4, 1964 and 1985-1989). He will play a fundamental role in the radical transformations of his country, becoming the protagonist of Bolivian history. (114 years ago)

1795: October 19
In the Bolivian city of Cochabamba, Pedro Blanco Soto, Bolivian soldier, politician and fifth President of Bolivia is born, a position that will occupy 5 days until his arrest by the Bolivian military leadership because they do not agree with his policy. He will be assassinated the next day, January 1, 1829, at the hands of his opponents. (226 years ago)

1792: December 5
Born in the city of La Paz (present-day Bolivia), Andrés de Santa Cruz, Bolivian-Peruvian politician, president of Peru in 1827 and of Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. (229 years ago)

1776: March 20
In the current Bolivian department of Chuquisaca, Joaquín Lemoine y Villavicencio was born, who will be one of the main promoters of the Chuquisaca Revolution, which occurred on May 25, 1809. After the failure of this movement, he will fight in the forces of the United Provinces from the Río de la Plata until the freedom of his nation from Spanish domination was consolidated. At the end of the war of independence, Lemoine will return to Bolivia, where he will occupy positions of responsibility. (245 years ago)

Reported deaths in Bolivia
2002: May 5
Hugo Banzer, Bolivian military and politician, president of the Republic, dies in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, after a coup in which he overthrew the also military man Juan José Torres from 1971 to 1978. He ruled dictatorially with an iron fist. In 1975, he declared political parties and trade union organizations illegal. He was overthrown by a military coup in 1978. In 1997 he will return to power democratically after winning the elections. (19 years ago)

2001: June 7
In his hometown of Tarija, Bolivia, Víctor Paz Estenssoro, a Bolivian politician and former President of the Republic during 1952-1956, 1960-1964, 1985-1989, passes away, whose role in the radical transformations of Bolivia make him an essential protagonist of the historical events of his country during a good part of the 20th century. (20 years ago)

1967: October 9
Ernesto "Che" Guevara is executed by soldier Mario Terán at the La Higuera school (Bolivia) after being wounded in the leg and captured the day before. (54 years ago)

Outstanding Facts in Bosnia

1994: February 28
The first NATO military action in its 45 years of existence takes place, when US warplanes shoot down four Serbian planes on a bombing mission for violating Bosnia's protected area. (27 years ago)

927: May 27
In the highlands of Bosnia, near the Drina River, a battle is fought between the armies of the two rulers of the Balkans: the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I, and King Tomislav of Croatia, the first king of the Croatian state, who with his army Outnumbered and knowledgeable about the mountainous terrain, he defeats the Bulgarians in a bloody battle. On both sides there are numerous casualties. (1094 years ago)

Reported deaths in Bosnia
1914: June 28
Archduke Francisco Fernando, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, are assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist, turning this double murder into the trigger of World War I. (107 years ago)

Outstanding Events in Brazil

2018: October 28
In the elections held today in Brazil, Bolsonaro, a far-right leader, prevails with 55.2% of the votes over Fernando Haddad, of the Workers' Party. (3 years ago)

2016: August 31
The Brazilian Senate approves the dismissal of Dilma Rousseff as president of her country for the fiscal maneuvers she carried out in 2015, constituting a lack of responsibility that seriously damaged the public accounts of the country. Michel Temer, until that moment interim president and previously vice president and ally of Rousseff, assumes the presidency. (5 years ago)

2016: August 5
With the presence of 206 countries and more than 11,000 athletes, the XXXI Olympics of the Modern Era are inaugurated in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). They will close on August 21. (5 years ago)

2010: October 31
In Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, the person chosen by Lula da Silva to succeed him, proclaims herself president, becoming the first woman to reach that position in the history of her country. The candidate of the Workers' Party has obtained 56% of the votes in the second round of the presidential elections. (11 years ago)

2008: May 23
Although it arose from the meeting held in Cusco (Peru) on December 8, 2004, it is today when the Union of South American Nations, Unasur, a political and economic community made up of the twelve South American countries, is constituted in Brasilia (Brazil) and the constituent treaty. The General Secretariat of the organism will have permanent headquarters in the city of Quito, Ecuador. On the other hand, the South American Parliament will be located in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba. The main objectives of Unasur are the construction, in a participatory and consensual way, of a space of integration and union in the cultural, social, economic and political aspects among its members, using political dialogue, social policies, education, energy, infrastructure, financing and the environment, among others, (13 years ago)

2006: October 29
In Brazil, in the second round, Lula da Silva is reelected with a wide margin to serve a second term as President of the country. (15 years ago)

2002: October 27
In Brazil, the left-wing politician Lula da Silva is elected president. He will govern from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2011. His mandate will be characterized by good economic results. (19 years ago)

1990: March 15
In Brazil, Fernando Collor de Mello, elected by free and direct suffrage since it was last held in 1960, is sworn in as president for a five-year term. His neoliberal economic policy will undermine his popularity. In addition, he will be immersed in a corruption and influence peddling scandal that will lead him to open an investigation on May 26, 1992, by the Chamber of Deputies and, as a consequence, on October 2, his vice president, Itamar Franco, assumes the presidency. (31 years ago)

1985: March 15
In Brazil, José Sarney becomes president, who will restore democracy in a transition weighed down by foreign debt and inflation. In 1988, under his mandate, the country will launch a democratic Constitution and in 1989 the first direct presidential elections in three decades will be held. (36 years ago)

1960: April 21
Although it is still under construction, Brazil opens a futuristic capital in the middle of the Amazon jungle: Brasilia. Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, architects, fulfill a promise made by President Juscelino Kubitschek to his voters in 1955 during the electoral campaign. Its construction began in 1956. In 1987 UNESCO will declare it part of the world heritage, avoiding the modification of its original structure and promoting its preservation. (61 years ago)

1956: January 31
After winning the elections the Brazilian Social Democratic Party, Juscelino Kubitshek assumes the presidency and promises a term with "fifty years of progress". (65 years ago)

1951: January 31
In Brazil, Getulio Vargas is sworn in as president after his electoral victory last October, five years after being deposed from power, to which he had previously acceded three times and after having implemented the Brazilian "Estado Novo" (regime authoritarian). His government will be characterized by the industrialization and modernization of the country and by introducing social improvements, which will not finally reach the most disadvantaged people. After a political crisis and an intense campaign against his way of governing, Getulio committed suicide in August 1954. (70 years ago)

1891: February 24
What is recognized as the first republican constitution of Brazil is promulgated, which has drawn on the sources of the most important constitutions of the time, such as that of the United States and that of France. It states that the Brazilian State is a Federal Republic with a presidential government, grants universal male suffrage for all literate Brazilians over 21 years of age, expands human rights, assures the accused the broadest defense and abolishes exclusion penalties. criminal and death, among others. (130 years ago)

1889: November 17
Two days after the triumph of the revolution in Brazil, Emperor Pedro II and his family embark on exile for Lisbon. (132 years ago)

1889: November 15
In Brazil, as a result of a peaceful coup without popular participation led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, who will later become the first Brazilian republican president, Pedro II, the second and last emperor, is deposed after a reign of 49 years. from Brazil. The monarchy had been established in this South American country in 1822, when the crown prince of Portugal challenged its Parliament and proclaimed an independent Brazil under his command. In 1831, Emperor Pedro I abdicated his five-year-old son and returned to Portugal. Pedro II was crowned emperor in 1841. During his long reign of almost five decades, Brazil enjoyed unprecedented stability in which he managed to stabilize its economy and develop in all areas. Nonetheless, the growing middle class and the army did not see him favorably, arguing his advanced age and that he was outdated to promote the reforms the country needed. After his deposition, Pedro II will go into exile in Europe and will die in Paris two years later. (132 years ago)

1888: May 13
In Brazil, Emperor Pedro II, through the Golden Law, decrees the abolition of slavery without compensation for the owners. (133 years ago)

1865: May 1
Although the war began in December of last year, today the Triple Alliance treaty between Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay is secretly signed in the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina) to confront Paraguay, ruled by Marshal Francisco Solano. Lopez. The contest, which will conclude in March 1870 with the Paraguayan defeat, will be the bloodiest in South America. (156 years ago)

1864: November 12
As a consequence of the capture of the Brazilian ship "Marqués de Olinda" by Paraguay, in retaliation for the Brazilian invasion of Uruguay, a war begins between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) that will last until 1870. (ago 157 years)

1859: November 24
Charles Darwin publishes his great work "The Origin of Species" , the result of more than 20 years of research work, meticulous and detailed observation and trips aboard the beautiful brig "Beagle" as a naturalist, on a journey that lasted five years for both coasts of South America, Galapagos, Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, Keeling Island, Mauritius, Brazil and the Azores. He was able to perceive the subtle differences between the birds of the Galapagos archipelago that live in different natural environments. In his book he scientifically manifests his theory of natural selection as the cause of the evolutionary impulse of species. The inspiration for this theory was found in the great English economist Thomas Malthus. (162 years ago)

1840: July 23
In Brazil, although Pedro II has been emperor since 1831, when he was only 5 years old, it is today when Parliament declares him of legal age and abolishes the regency, assuming the government as emperor, a position he will hold until 1889 and under which command the Brazilian economy will undergo a decisive development. (181 years ago)

1827: February 20
Within the framework of the Argentine-Brazilian War (1825-1828) the decisive Battle of Ituzaingó takes place, near the ford of Rosario, which is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (present-day Brazil). In this battle, the joint Army of Argentina and Uruguay defeats the troops of the Empire of Brazil, being the embryo of the Preliminary Peace Convention to be signed in 1828, by which Uruguay will be recognized as an independent, free and sovereign State. On the battlefield the Brazilians left some 1,200 casualties, 400 dead and wounded, and 800 prisoners; on the contrary, the Argentines and Uruguayans about 150 dead and 260 wounded. (194 years ago)

1827: February 16
In present-day Uruguay, Argentine and Brazilian troops face each other in the battle of Ombú for control of the Banda Oriental, which has belonged to Brazil since 1824. The Argentines, under the command of General Lucio Norberto Mansilla, attack the Brazilian troops of Bento Manuel Ribeiro , which are scattered. For this fact, Mansilla will be decorated by the federal government, and the commander of the Argentine forces, Carlos María de Alvear, will be appointed chief of the General Staff. (194 years ago)

1825: August 29
The Treaty of Rio de Janeiro is established, after concluding the so-called "War of Independence of Brazil", signed between Portugal and Brazil by which the Portuguese crown recognizes the independence of the old kingdom of Brazil, but reserves Juan VI of Portugal, father of Pedro I, the title of Emperor of Brazil. Brazil also pays compensation of one million pounds sterling to the kingdom of Portugal. (196 years ago)

1822: September 7
In Sao Paulo, on the banks of the Ipiranga River, the regent emperor Pedro I renounces Portuguese rule and proclaims the independence of Brazil, shouting "Independence or death!" (199 years ago)

1821: April 5
The Battle of Camacuá takes place in the Brazilian municipality of Bagé, a confrontation between Argentina and Brazil for control of the Banda Oriental. It will be Argentina's last victory in the Brazilian campaign. (200 years ago)

1807: October 27
In Fontainebleau (France), Napoleon signs a treaty with Spain in which the division of Portugal and Brazil into three parts is projected. (214 years ago)

1777: October 1
In San Ildefonso (Segovia, Spain) an old dispute over borders between the Spanish colonies and Brazil was put to an end, when Portugal and Spain signed a treaty on limits and possessions in South America. (244 years ago)

1711: September 23
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) surrenders to the French corsair René Duguay-Trouin after destroying in eleven days the fortifications of the city that, until then, seemed impregnable. It will force the city to pay large ransoms and release 1,000 French prisoners. (310 years ago)

1599: December 25
In present-day Brazil, the Portuguese Jerónimo de Albuquerque founded the city of Santiago, later renamed Natal. Between 1633 and 1654, it will be occupied by the Dutch who will change its name to New Amsterdam. (421 years ago)

1554: January 25
Jesuit missionaries, led by Father José de Anchieta, founded the city of Sao Paulo (in present-day Brazil) and called it that because on this day the Church celebrates the Conversion of Saint Paul. (467 years ago)

1549: March 29
Thomé de Souza, a Portuguese military and politician, founded the city of Salvador de Bahia, the first capital of Brazil and one of the oldest cities in the country and the administrative and religious center of the Portuguese colonies in America until 1763, the year in which the capital to the town of Rio de Janeiro. (472 years ago)

1542: August 24
Orellana reaches the Atlantic after crossing a mighty river. On the trip he has been attacked by some Indian women and that is why he baptizes it with the name of Amazonas, a Greek legend about a town of warrior women. (479 years ago)

1542: January 31
The Spanish navigator and explorer Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, while making a land expedition from the Atlantic Ocean to Asunción del Paraguay, discovers the Iguazú Falls, on the current borders of Brazil and Argentina, one of the most impressive natural beauties on the planet. , which will be declared a Natural World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1984. (479 years ago)

1502: January 1
The Italian navigator Américo Vespucio, who is in the service of King Manuel I of Portugal, discovers the bay that will be called Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. (519 years ago)

1500: April 22
The Portuguese navigator and explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who follows the maritime route of Vasco de Gama's trip to India, sees South American lands, near where the current city of Porto Seguro, Brazil is located, and takes possession of the entire northwestern territory Brazilian in the name of the Crown of Portugal and, to the new discovered land, he gives the name of "Land of the Holy Cross". (521 years ago)

1500: January 30
The Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón became the first European to see the Amazon River, upon reaching its mouth. The river is also called Marañón. Years later, in 1542, Francisco de Orellana will visit it from its source in the Peruvian jungles, to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. (521 years ago)

1500: January 26
Before the Portuguese do, the ships of the Spanish Vicente Yáñez Pinzón land on a beach where they find numerous human footprints in the sand. During two days they will be dedicated to exploring the surroundings but they will not see anyone. In some trees they decide to engrave the names of Isabel and Fernando as a sign of their taking possession of that place. They call it Cape Santa María de la Consolación (current Cape San Agustín), a land that will later be called Brazil. On April 22, the Portuguese nobleman and navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral will take possession of these lands on behalf of Portugal. (521 years ago)

Outstanding births in Brazil
1960: March 21
In the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, the one who will be Formula 1 driver Ayrton Senna da Silva is born. He will win the World Championship for Formula 1 Drivers in the years 1988, 1990 and 1991. On May 1, 1994, during the dispute of the San Marino Grand Prix at the Enzo e Dino Ferrari racetrack in Imola, he will find death in a regrettable accident in competition. (61 years ago)

1947: August 24
Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the journalist and writer Paulo Coelho de Souza. In 1988 he wrote "The Alchemist" , a symbolic book that will deal with the dreams we want to achieve in life and the means we use to achieve them. This narrative will grant him universal renown. (74 years ago)

1940: October 23
Born in Tres Coraçoes, Brazil, Edson Arantes do Nascimento, who will be known worldwide as "Pelé" and will be nicknamed the "King". He will be considered the best footballer of all time. With his great ball touch technique, he will give his country three World Cup victories in 1958, 1962 and 1970. (81 years ago)

1938: December 14
In Concordia, Brazil, Leonardo Boff, theorist of Liberation Theology, was born. (82 years ago)

1931: June 18
In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso was born, a Brazilian politician and sociologist who will be president of the Republic of Brazil from 1995 to 2002. During his term in office, he will contain inflation and keep the currency stable, carry out a privatization plan and put an end to the hydrocarbon and telecommunications monopoly. It will not reduce the public deficit and in 2001 it will explode corruption scandals. (90 years ago)
1912: August 10
In the municipality of Itabuna, Brazil, the Brazilian writer Jorge Amado comes to the world. His works, of a realistic and ironic nature, will denounce social injustices. He will write "Tierras del sinfín" , considered his masterpiece. (109 years ago)

1907: December 15
The architect Óscar Niemeyer, one of the fathers of the modernist city of Brasilia, was born in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). (113 years ago)

1872: August 5
Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz was born in Sao Luís do Paraitinga (Brazil), who will be a Brazilian epidemiologist, a pioneer in the studies of tropical diseases and experimental medicine. He will be the general director of Public Health and will collaborate in reforming the Brazilian sanitary code. It will fight to eradicate yellow fever, bubonic plague and smallpox in Rio de Janeiro, launching, despite criticism, a health campaign that, in addition to isolating the sick, will impose the mandatory vaccine. (149 years ago)

1869: October 26
Born in Sao Paulo, Washington, Luis Pereira de Sousa, who will be appointed Governor of the State of Sao Paulo from 1920 to 1924. In November 1926, he will take office as President of Brazil, directing his policy to clean up the Treasury and boost infrastructures. Shortly after he will accentuate his conservatism trying to create an autocratic government. With the crash of 1929, the fall in coffee prices and internal opposition to his policy, he will be deposed by a political-military coup led by Getúlio Vargas, in the so-called 1930 Revolution. He will be succeeded by Augusto Tasso Fragoso. (152 years ago)

1841: October 4
In Itu, a Brazilian municipality, Prudente de Morais was born, the third president of Brazil from 1894 to 1898 and the first civilian to take office. During his tenure, he will favor the interests of coffee growers. (180 years ago)

1825: December 2
Born in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Pedro II, called "The Magnanimous", who will be Emperor of Brazil from 1831, when the Regency period begins because he is only 5 years old, which will last until he is crowned emperor in 1841, position that he will occupy until 1889. Under his reign the country will reach a significant degree of development in all areas. (196 years ago)

1798: October 12
In Lisbon, the Portuguese capital, Pedro IV, king of Portugal and first emperor of Brazil, was born under the name of Pedro I. (223 years ago)

Reported deaths in Brazil
2012: December 5
In his hometown of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) the architect Óscar Niemeyer, one of the fathers of the modernist city of Brasilia, a paradigm of 20th century architecture and communist to the end, dies at the age of 104. In 1956, together with the urban planner Lucio Costa, he projected an entire city (Brasilia) on paper and was able to see it built four years later. (9 years ago)

1988: December 22
The Brazilian trade unionist and environmental leader Chico Mendes, defender of the Amazon and promoter of the Alliance of the Peoples of the Jungle, is assassinated in Xapuri (Brazil) for denouncing rural violence and the destruction of the Amazon rainforest. His murderers: a landowner and his son who will be sentenced to 19 years in prison. (32 years ago)

1954: August 24
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, President of the Republic since 1951, commits suicide in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), after receiving serious coup threats from the Army and three more times. It industrialized and modernized the country to improve the lives of workers and introduced social improvements, although these did not reach the most disadvantaged rural areas. (67 years ago)

1932: July 23
Racked by severe depressions, the Brazilian pioneer engineer of aviation and airship builder Alberto Santos Dumont hangs himself at his residence in Guarujá (Brazil) at the age of 59. In 1897 he had made his first attempt at ascent in a balloon in Paris. In 1901 he won an award for flying his gasoline-powered airship between Saint-Cloud and the Eiffel Tower. (89 years ago)

1834: September 24
Pedro I, emperor of Brazil, died in Lisbon (Portugal), who proclaimed this country independent from Portugal, becoming the first emperor of Brazil from October 1824 to April 1831, when he abdicated in favor of his son Pedro II. (187 years ago)

1816: March 20
He died in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, where he has been in exile since 1807 with his family, Maria I, Queen of Portugal since 1777. His body will be taken back to Lisbon and buried in the Estrela church. (205 years ago)

Outstanding Facts in Bulgaria

2002: November 21
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), at its Prague summit meeting, is issuing an official invitation for Bulgaria, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania to become new members of this international, political alliance and military. (19 years ago)

1944: September 9
In Bulgaria, the communists, with the support of the Soviet army, dethroned King Simeon and carried out a coup, establishing a dictatorship. (77 years ago)

1913: June 29
After a year of war with the Ottoman Empire, the members of the victorious Balkan League, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria, fight for the division of the conquered territories, which leads to the Second Balkan War. , when on this night, Bulgaria attacks Serbian and Greek forces in Macedonia. (108 years ago)

1444: November 10
The Battle of Varna takes place, east of present-day Bulgaria, with the Turkish victory over the ill-equipped Hungarian army that has been waiting for the promised aid that never arrived, marking the last serious and organized effort by Christianity to save Eastern Europe. , including Constantinople, from the threat of Islam. The Hungarian crusader troops, led by local national leaders such as Ladislaus of Hungary and the Magyar General John Hunyadi, set out to descend the Bulgarian coast, liberate Constantinople, and cleanse the Balkan peninsula of Turks. They have the approval of the Pope, through his delegate, Cardinal Cesarini. But Sultan Murat II comes swiftly and with a force made up of some 120,000 troops compared to approximately 30,000 Christians. In Christian defeat, the king of Hungary and the papal delegate are killed. The Republics of Genoa and Venice that, fearful of losing their "franchises" regarding the trade routes to the East, did not commit themselves to the adventure of the unfortunate Crusade, will regret it as the years go by because the Ottoman sultans will end up pushing and confining them. progressively in the western Mediterranean, taking from their hands the commercial strongholds and emporiums of Crimea, Crete and the Greek islands. (577 years ago)

1396: September 25
In Bulgaria takes place the Battle of Nicopolis, in which the Ottomans, commanded by Sultan Bayezid I, defeat the crusaders led by Sigismund of Hungary. Bulgaria will be annexed to the Ottoman Empire until it regains its independence in 1908. Bayezid will establish himself as a great leader and Christendom will never again gather any crusade to liberate the holy places. The fight has definitely moved to Europe. (625 years ago)

1014: July 29
At the Battle of Kleidion, near the current Bulgarian town of Klyuch and after almost 50 years of fighting between the Bulgarian Emperor Samuel and the Byzantine Emperor Basil II, the Byzantines inflict a severe and decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army. The savage treatment of the 15,000 prisoners, who are blinded, will result in the death of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria. Although this battle will not end with the First Bulgarian Empire, it will diminish its ability to resist the Byzantine advances and will be considered the decisive encounter in the war against Byzantium. (1007 years ago)

986: August 17th
After an unsuccessful siege of the city of Sofia (Bulgaria), the Byzantine army of Basil II on his return to Thrace is surrounded by the Bulgarian forces under Samuel's command in the mountains of Sredna Gora, in a pass known as La Trajan's Gate. A ruthless battle begins as a result of which the Byzantine army is practically annihilated and Basil II barely fled. After this great defeat, Basilio II will have to face a rebellion of the nobility in Asia Minor, led by General Bardas Focas, for 3 years. In 1014 Basil II will defeat the army of Samuel and exact a terrible revenge on the prisoners, leaving them blind with a hot iron. Basilio will remain in power until his death in 1025. (1035 years ago)

Reported deaths in Bulgaria
1994: August 14th
In Zurich, Switzerland, the British nationalized Bulgarian writer Elías Canetti, Nobel Prize for Literature in 1981 for his study of mass movements and especially the brutality of German National Socialism in particular and dictatorships in general, dies. He wrote the essay "Mass and Power". (27 years ago)